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UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


THE  USE  OF  THE  ADJECTIVE  AS  A 
SUBSTANTIVE  IN  HORACE 


BY 


ABRAHAM  LINFORD  MYERS 


A  THESIS 

Presented  to  the   Faculty  of  the  Graduate  School  in 

Partial  Fulfillment  OP  the  Requirements  for 

THE  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 


PRESS  OF 

THI  HEW  ERA  PRINTIHO  COHPAHY 
LANCASTER,  P<. 


1919 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


THE  USE  OF  THE  ADJECTIVE  AS  A 
SUBSTANTIVE  IN  HORACE 


BY 

ABRAHAM  LINFORD  MYERS 


A  THESIS 
Presented  to  the  Faculty  of  the  Graduate  School  in 
Partial  Fulfillment  of  the  Requirements  for 
THE  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 


>    »     I     > 


,         t   t  .  ..     ..  ■*    *      » 

i        >  >*  ^     "    i      '     •*    *     •      •* 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


1919 


fL^<^.ii'^riQ& 


The  writer  wishes  to  thank  Professors  J.  C.  Rolfe,  W.  B. 
McDaniel,  R.  G.  Kent,  G.  D.  Hadzsits  and  H.  B.  Van  Deventer, 
and  Dr.  E.  H.  Heffner,  for  valuable  suggestions  and  encour- 
agement during  the  preparation  of  this  thesis. 


'    ',  1      ■>     >   .  1 


THE  USE  OF  THE  ADJECTIVE  AS  A  SUBSTANTIVE 

IN  HORACE. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  recent  years  considerable  study  has  been  given  to  the 
substantive  use  of  the  Latin  adjective.  This  change  of  func- 
tion in  a  word,  from  adjective  to  noun,  is  common  to  all  Indo- 
European  languages.  As  to  its  relative  frequency  Kiihner^ 
says:  "Dieser  Gebrauch  ist  im  Lateinischen  ungleich  seltener 
als  im  Deutschen  und  Griechischen,  da  die  lateinische  Sprache 
selbst  da,  wo  Substantive  vorhanden  sind,  deren  Gebrauch  oft 
vermeidet,  z.  B.  animi  eorum,  qui  audiunt  st.  auditorum." 

The  process  may  take  place  in  two  ways.  First,  the  substan- 
tivized adjective  may  receive  its  meaning  from  the  elements 
of  the  adjective,  e.g.,  from  the  root  meaning  of  the  word,  the 
suffixes  that  express  certain  specific  relations,  and  the  endings 
that  indicate  gender;  this  usage  may  be  illustrated  by  such 
words  as  docti,  "  learned  men  " ;  docta,  "  a  lady  of  culture  " ; 
iustum,  "  justice  ".  Secondly,  the  substantivized  adjective  may 
get  its  meaning  through  the  ellipsis  of  a  real  substantive;  for 
example,  dextra,  through  ellipsis  of  manus,  comes  to  mean 
"right  hand." 

In  the  early  part  of  the  past  century,  the  subject  was  investi- 
gated from  a  different  point  of  view  from  at  present,  namely, 
from  that  of  the  stylist;  and  it  was  believed  that  this  phe- 
nomenon is  comparatively  rare  and  confined  to  few  words  and 
to  certain  special  phrases.  Such,  indeed,  was  the  opinion  held 
by  the  distinguished  scholar.  Christian  Karl  Reisig.^  A  study 
of  this  subject  was  made  also  in  1837  by  C.  G.  Dietrich,^  and 

1  Kiihner,  Grammatik  der  lateinischen  Sprache.  Hannover,  vol.  2 
(1912),  p.  222. 

2  Vorlesung-en  iiber  lat.  Sprachvsrissenschaft  (first  published  in  1839 
by  his  pupil  Fr.  Haase  and  re-edited  in  the  80's  by  Heerdegen,  Schmalz 
and  Landgraf),  vol.  3,  pp.  159  ff. ;  not  accessible  to  nae. 

3  Zeitschrift  f.  Altertiimswissenscliaft,  Nr.  44,  pp.  367  fP. 

1 

420200 


again  in  1842  an  article  by  Dietrich  appeared  in  the  Easter 
program  of  the  Gymnasium  at  Freiburg,  reprinted  in  Neue 
Jahrb.  f.  Phil.  u.  Paed.,  suppl.  vol.  8,  pp.  487-503  (=Archiv. 
f.  Phil.  u.  Paed.) .  Dietrich,  like  Reisig,  still  viewed  the  subject 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  stylist,  but  went  so  far  as  to  say 
that  all  adjectives  may  be  used  substantively. 

Nagelsbach,*  Holtze,^  and  Drager**  added  new  material  on 
this  phenomenon  during  succeeding  years.  Nagelsbach  treats 
this  subject,  so  far  as  it  concerns  the  first  class  of  substantivized 
adjectives,  most  thoroughly  and  in  the  greatest  detail,  but  his 
treatment  is  confined  to  classical  Latin.  To  Drager  must  be 
given  the  credit  for  being  the  pioneer  in  studying  the  second 
class  of  substantivized  adjectives,  but  his  list  is  quite  meagre 
and  insufficient  in  view  of  the  material  that  has  been  added  by 
investigations  since  his  time ;  nor  does  he  discuss  at  all  the  real 
essence  of  the  process  and  its  underlying  causes.  It  remained 
for  Ott^  a  few  years  later  to  publish  a  more  extensive  list  of 
substantive  adjectives  of  this  class,  and  to  discuss  thoroughly 
the  reasons  for  the  process. 

Investigations  in  subsequent  years  were  carried  on  by  Pan- 
hoff,^  Barth,^  Wueseke,^'*  and  Hirt,^^  and  the  special  line  of 
investigation  begun  by  Ott  was  continued  by  Wolfflin,  Die 
Ellipse  von  navis^^  ^j^^  \yy  Kolfe,  Die  Ellipse  von  ars^^  and  The 

*  Lateinische  Stilistik  fiir  Deutsche,  8th  ed.,  Niirnberg,  1888,  pp.  93-138. 

5  Syntaxis  priscorum  scriptorum  Latinorum  usque  ad  Terentium,  3 
vols.,  Leipzig,  1861-1862,  vol.  2,  p.  5. 

6  Syntax  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  Leipzig,  vol.  1  (1878);  vol.  2 
(1888),  pp.  36-51. 

"^  Die  Substantivierung  des  lat.  Adj.  durch  Ellipse,  prog.  Kottweil, 
Tiibingen,  1874. 

8  PanhofE,  De  neutrius  generis  adiectivorum  substantivio  usu  apud 
Taciturn,  Diss.  Halle,  1883. 

9  Barth,  Die  Eleganz  des  Terentius  im  Gebrauch  des  Adjectivums,  in 
Jahrb.  klass.  Phil,  vol.  129   (1884),  pp.  172-182. 

10  Wueseke,  De  Plauti  et  Terentii  usu,  adjectiva  et  participa  sub- 
stantive ponendi.  Diss.  Marburg,  1884. 

11  Hirt,  Uber  die  Substantivierung  des  Adjectivums  bei  QuLut'lian, 
Programm  des  Sophiengymnasiums,  Berlin,   1890. 

^^  Archiv.  Lat.  Lex.,  vol.  9    (1896),  pp.  285-291. 
liArchiv.  Lat.  Lex.,  vol.   10    (1898),  pp.   229-246. 


Formation  of  Latin  Substantives  from  Geographical  Adjec- 
tives by  Ellipsis." 

Kecently  Lowther,  Notes  on  Martial,"  and  Swan,  The  Use 
of  the  Adjective  as  a  Substantive  in  the  De  Rerum  Natura  of 
T.  Lucretius  Carus,^^  have  added  their  investigations  of  this 
phenomenon. 

14  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Assoc,  vol.  30  (1899),  pp.  5-23. 

15  University  of  Penna.  Diss.   (1906),  pp.  2-20. 

16  University  of  Michigan  Studies,  vol.  3  (1910),  pp.  179-214. 


CLASS  A. 

The  substantivized  adjectives  of  this  class  depend  for  their 
meaning  largely  upon  the  inherent  nature  of  the  word,  as  has 
already  been  stated  (cf.  p.  1.).^ 

In  the  pre-classical  and  classical  periods  substantivization 
by  this  method  was  confined  within  narrow  limits,  but  in  the 
works  of  Sallust  and  the  Augustan  poets  the  process  was  some- 
what extended.  The  chief  extension,  however,  took  place  in 
Livy  and  Tacitus,  and  the  usage  became  most  common  in  late 
Latin,  where  examples  of  every  kind  are  found  even  in  the 
oblique  cases.^ 

After  the  adjective  has  become  a  substantive,  the  next  step 
in  the  evolution  is  for  it  to  take  on  all  the  "  rights "  of  a 
substantive.  This  it  did;  for  we  find  it  governing  a  genitive, 
as  do  real  substantives,  and  it  is  modified  by  adjectives  also.^ 

The  frequency  of  the  substantivizing  process  also  depends 
upon  gender,  declension,  number  and  case.  Participles  and 
gerundives  likewise  may  be  used  as  substantives  in  the  same 
way  as  adjectives,  and  the  same  factors, — gender,  declension, 
number  and  case  play  an  important  part.  A  similar  growth 
in  the  substantive  use  of  participles  and  gerundives  can  be  seen 
also  in  late  Latin.* 

In  my  citations  from  Horace,  substantivized  geographical 
adjectives  like  Romani,  Achivi,  etc.,  have  been  omitted. 

The  adjectives  duo  and  ambo  have  been  omitted  also;  like- 
wise adverbial  accusatives. 

No  citations  are  given  of  amicus.  Although  it  is  an  adjective 
in  origin  and  is  often  used  as  an  adjective  in  all  writers,  yet 
in  Horace  it  is  employed  as  a  noun,  in  all  cases  and  numbers, 
so  frequently  that  I  have  not  listed  it. 

Sapiens  seems  never  to  be  used  as  a  participle  anywhere  in 

1  See  Stoltz,  Fr.,  und  Schmalz,  J.  H.,  Lateinische  Grammatik*, 
Muenchen,  vol.  2  (1910),  p.  609. 

2  See  Kiihner,  p.  222. 

3  See  Nagelsbach,  p.  109. 

4  See  Schmalz,  p.  610. 

4 


Latin  literature,  but  always  as  an  adjective  or  noun.  Its  use 
as  a  noun  in  Horace  is  so  frequent  that  citations  of  it  also  are 
omitted. 

No  citations  are  given  of  the  following:  alumnus^  divus, 
iuvenis^  libertus,  maritus,  medicus,  minister^  parens^  puerpera^ 
rivalis,  saga,  servus,  socins,  vetiefica  for  the  following  reasons : 

alumnus  is  a  syncopated  form  of  ^^alomenos,  which  is  formed 
with  the  same  ending  as  the  Greek  medio-passive  participle. 
It  is  used  only  a  few  times  as  an  adjective  in  Latin. 

divus  as  an  adjective  is  mostly  archaic  and  poetic.  It  is  used 
as  an  adjective  only  once  in  Horace. 

iuvenis  in  the  positive  degree  in  Latin  is  essentially  a  noun; 
in  the  comparative  it  is  more  frequently  used  as  an  adjective 
than  in  the  positive.  Cf.  Pliny,  Epist.  4,  8,  5  multo  etiam 
iuvenior,  quam  ille ;  Quint.  4,  2,  42  est  mihi  filius  iuvenis. 

libertus  appears  to  be  an  adjective  in  origin,  derived  from 
liher.    But  it  is  found  only  as  a  noun. 

maritus  as  an  adjective  is  mostly  poetic.  For  the  adjective 
use,  cf.  Propert,  3,  20,  26  sacra  .  .  .  marita. 

medicus  is  an  adjective  derived  from  tnedeor;  yet  it  is  used 
as  an  adjective  chiefly  in  the  poets  and  post-Augustan  prose. 
Cf.,  however,  Ovid,  Trist.  5,  6,  12  medicae  .  .  .  artis. 

minister  is  used  as  an  adjective  only  in  the  poets  and  of 
inanimate  things.  For  the  adjective  use,  cf.  Lucret.  5,  297 
ardore  ministro. 

parens  is  a  participle  in  origin  but  is  used  only  as  a  noun. 

puerpera  is  probably  an  adjective  in  origin  {puer -^  pario) , 
but  is  almost  always  used  as  a  noun.  Cf.,  however.  Sen. 
Benef.  4,  35,  2  puerpera  uxor. 

rivalis  is  an  adjective  in  form,  derived  from  rivus,  but  is 
almost  universally  used  as  a  noun. 

saga  as  an  adjective  is  post-Aug.  Cf.  Stat.  Achill.  1,  519 
sagas  . . .  aves. 

servus  is  essentially  a  noun ;  as  an  adjective  with  homo  it  is 
mostly  ante-class.  Cf.  Plaut.  Asinaria  470  hominem  servom. 
As  an  adjective  with  other  words  than  homo,  it  is  not  frequent 
until  after  the  Augustan  period. 

socius  and  venefica  as  adjectives  are  confined  for  the  most 
part  to  the  poets  and  post-Aug.  prose.  Cf.  Stat.  Theb.  1,  130 
socium  regnum. 


6 

It  might  also  be  said  in  this  connection  that  real  substan- 
tives, as  time  went  on,  acquired  adjectival  uses.  Kiihner  {op. 
cit.,  vol.  1,  p.  546)  says:  "Einige  Worter  die  gewohnlich  sub- 
stantivisch  gebraucht  werden,  konnen  auch  adjektivisch  ge- 
braucht  werden."  Cf.  Horace,  C.  1,  1,  1  Maecenas  atavis  edite 
regihus;  A.  P.  84  pugilem  victorem. 

In  regard  to  neuter  plural  participles,  nothing  is  more  fre- 
quent than  expressions  like  dicta,  scripfa,  acta,  etc. ;  yet  gesta 
in  place  of  res  gestae  is  found  only  in  Nepos  and  afterwards  in 
late  Latin.  (Cf.  Wolfflin,  Eh.  Mus.  1882,  p.  89.)  In  instances 
like  facta,  peccata,  and  the  like,  the  character  of  the  verb 
vanishes  so  completely  that  these  words  indicate  actions  with- 
out any  trace  of  their  original  past  time.  I  have,  however, 
cited  these.  Such  words  occur  in  all  cases  except  the  vocative 
and  in  all  possible  participial  and  adjectival  constructions.^ 

In  my  citations,  the  arrangement  is  made  according  to 
gender  and  case,  participles  being  grouped  with  adjectives; 
but  gerundives  are  listed  separately. 

In  connection  with  each  classification,  there  are  given  the 
general  principles  as  stated  by  the  grammarians. 

1.  The  Neuter  Singular. 

The  neuter  singular  expresses  chiefly  an  abstract  idea. 
Schmalz  in  his  Lateinische  Stilistik,  p.  608,  says,  "  Durch  das 
Neutrum  werden  allgemein  sachliche,  zumeist  abstrakte  Ver- 
haltnisse,  z.  B.  honestum,  iustum,  immensum,  und  im  Plural 
Dinge,  die  ihrem  Wesen  nache  eine  Eigenschaft  besonders 
hervortreten  lassen,  z.  B.  digna,  vera,  summa,  bezeichnet." 

{a)   The  Nominative. 

In  the  nominative  the  usage,  according  to  Nagelsbach  (p. 
99),  is  infrequent,  and  is  confined  principally  to  a  scientific 
style  that  has  been  influenced  by  Greek  modes  of  expression. 
In  Horace  the  neuter  nominative  is  rarely  used,  and  expresses 
chiefly  an  abstract  idea.  In  C.  2,  15,  14,  however,  is  found 
a  rare  use  of  the  neuter  singular,  commune  being  the  equiv- 
alent of  the  Greek  to  kowov  "the  public  treasury."     Mention 

5  See  Nagelsbach,  p.  133. 


should  also  be  made  of  the  technical  expression,  summum  quid 
eius,  S.  2,  6,  76,  which  means  the  summum  bonum,  "  the  highest 
point  of  goodness." 

The  following  instances  are  found  in  Horace  :^ 
C.  2,  15,  14  privatus  illis  census  erat  brevis,  commune 
magnum.  Epl.  1,  6,  22  ne  plus  frumenti  dotalibus  emetat  agris 
Mutus  et  (indignum,''  quod  sit  peioribus  ortus).  S.  2,  2,  102 
non  est  melius.  Epl.  1,  18,  107  sit  mihi,  quod  nunc  est,  etiam 
minus.  S.  2,  1,  54  mirum,  ut  lupus  .  .  .  petit.  S.  1,  7,  19  par 
pugnat;  S.  2,  3,  243.  S.  2,  6,  3  paulum  silvae  super  his  foret. 
S.  1,  3,  84  atque  mains  peccatum  est.  S.  1,  1,  107  quos  ultra 
citraque  nequit  consistere  rectum;  S.  2,  6,  75.  S.  1,  10,  14 
ridiculum  acri  fortius  et  melius  magnas  plerumque  secat  res. 
A.  P.  337  omne  supervacuom  .  .  .  manat.  S.  2,  6,  76  sum- 
numque  quid  eius.  A.  P.  243  tantum  de  medio  sumptis  ac- 
cedit  honoris. 

{b)    The  Genitive. 

In  the  genitive  case  substantivizing  is  frequent,  the  genitive 
of  the  whole  being  very  often  so  used.  Of  the  instances  given 
below  comment  should  be  made  on  nuUius,  Epl.  1,  17,  22; 
for  it  is  ambiguous  as  to  gender.  It  seems,  however,  to  be 
neuter.  Horace's  care  in  avoiding  ambiguity  of  gender  in  the 
oblique  cases  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  there  are  so  few  in- 
stances where  the  gender  is  at  all  doubtful.  Below^  are  given 
examples  of  such  words  and  these  with  one  exception  are  con- 
fined to  the  Satires  and  Epistles. 

The  following  are  the  instances  of  the  genitive  singular: 
S.  1,  3,  98  iusti  prope  mater  et  aequi.    C.  1,  18,  16  arcanique 
Fides  prodiga.    C.  1,  3,  37  nil  mortalibus  ardui^  est.    S.  2,  6,  76 

6  I  have  followed  the  text  of  Vollmer  in  my  citations  from  Horace ; 
elsewhere  the  standard   critical   editions. 

7  indignus  E. 

8  C.  4,  9,  41  index  honestum  praetnlit  iitili; 

S,  1,  3,  59   nullique  malo  latus  abdit  apertum; 

Epl.  1,  17,  22  fers  te  nullius  egentem ; 

Epl.  2,  1,  23  sic  fautor  veterum; 

Epl.  2,  1,  78  veniam  antiquis  .  .  .  posci. 

9  arduum  E  E  lemma  schol.  A  r. 


8 

quae  sit  natura  honi.  S.  2,  4,  52  siquid  crassi  est.  Epl.  2,  1,  31 
nil  extra  est  in  mice  duri.  S.  2,  7,  87  atqiie  rotundus,  externi 
nequid  valeat  per  leve  morari,  Epl.  1,  2,  40  dimidium  facti, 
qui  coepit,  habet.  S.  1,  2,  84  siquid  honesti  est,  iactat  habetque 
palam.  S.  1,  3,  111  metu  iniusti  fateare  necesse  est.  S.  1,  3,  98 
iusti  prope  mater  et  aequi.  S.  1,  1,  54  ut  tibi  si  sit  opus  liquidi 
non  amplius  urna.  C.  3,  24,  49  summi  materiem  mali;  E.  11,  7. 
S.  1,  5,  102  siquid  miri  faciat  natura.  Epl.  1,  17,  22  quamvis 
fers  te  nullius  egentem;  A.  P.  324.  S.  2,  7,  60  peccati  conscia 
erilis.  S.  2,  2,  52  parebit  pravi  docilis  Romana  inventus.  C.  3, 
3,  1  iustum  et  tenacem  propositi  virum;  Epl.  1,  13,  11.  S.  1,  1, 
44  quid  habet  pulcri^°  constructus  acervos.  A.  P.  25  decipimur 
specie  recti.  C.  1,  28,  15  non  sordidus  auctor  naturae  verique; 
S.  2,  3,  33" ;  S.  2,  3,  43. 

(c)   The  Dative. 

Nagelsbach  states  (p.  101)  that  the  dative  case  of  substantive 
adjectives  is  seldom  used  and  that  the  words  so  used  are  con- 
fined mostly  to  scientific  technical  expressions,  of  which  only 
the  most  common  have  become  the  property  of  the  language. 
Horace  furnishes  four  examples. 

S.  2,  1,  77  fragili  quaerens  illidere  dentem.  A.  P.  195  quod 
non  proposito  conducat.  S.  2,  1,  78  fragili  quaerens  illidere 
dentem  offendet  solido.  C.  4,  9,  41  iudex  honestum  praetulit 
vMli. 

(d)    The  Accusative. 

The  most  productive  and  profitable  field  of  study  for  the 
stylist  is  substantivization  in  prepositional  phrases.  These 
serve  both  as  adjectives  and  as  adverbs.^^  Even  in  archaic 
Latin  the  neuter  singular  of  the  accusative  and  ablative,  used 
substantively,  and  governed  by  prepositions,  is  found.  In  the 
classical  period  the  limits  of  this  usage  were  expanded,  and 
Livy,  Seneca,  both  Plinys,  Tacitus  and  the  later  classical 
writers  greatly  extended  it.^*    The  Romans  seem  to  have  been 

10  lucri  Sacellaropulus. 

11  verum  $. 

12  See  Eeisig-Hasse,  Vorles.,  III.  A.  396. 

13  See  Drager,  p.  55. 


9 

influenced  by  the  Greeks  in  this  connection.    Compare  ii  tVov, 

fK  ToS  <j>avepov. 

Nagelsbach  (p.  102)  says  that  these  prepositional  phrases  for 
the  most  part  denote  relations  of  space  and  place,  more  rarely 
those  of  time,  and  that  they  sometimes  metaphorically  indicate 
a  condition  or  situation,  such  as  a  place  from  which  or  to 
which  something  is  taken. 

Expressions  like  in  maius,  in  mollius,  etc.  (imitations  per- 
haps of  forms  by  Thucydides),  appear  from  the  time  of 
Sallust  and  Livy  on;  these  are,  however,  especially  preferred 
by  Tacitus  and  his  late  imitators,  e.g.,  Ammianus.  Such 
phrases  as  in  quantum,  de  cetera,  etc.,  likewise  increase  in  num- 
ber in  late  Latin.^* 

Participles^^  too  are  frequently  used  substantively  in  the 
neuter  singular.  In  general  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  par- 
ticiple, with  respect  to  its  possibility  for  substantivization,  fol- 
lows the  analogy  of  the  adjective. 

Just  as  occasionally  it  is  the  proximity  of  a  real  substantive 
that  leads  to  the  substantivization  of  adjectives,  so  the  prox- 
imity of  true  substantives,  or  of  participles  ordinarily  substan- 
tivized, has  the  same  influence  on  participles  which  as  a  rule 
are  not  used  substantively;  compare  Livy,  40,  10,  1  discerne 
.  .  .  insidiatorem  et  petitum  insidiis. 

As  to  substantivized  adjectives  governed  by  prepositions  in 
Horace,  it  may  be  said  that  they  too  for  the  most  part  denote 
relations  of  space  and  place.  Those  instances,  in  which  the 
adjective  seems  originally  to  have  modified  some  substantive 
which  later  was  omitted,  are  grouped  under  class  B. 

In  the  phrases  classified  here,  while  almost  without  excep- 
tion they  were  local  in  origin  and  were  then  transferred  to 
express  other  ideas,  such  as  time  or  metaphorical  relations,  the 
ellipsis  is  not  so  apparent.  A  phrase  used  in  a  technical  legal 
sense  is  in  vacuom  S.  2,  5,  50. 

C.  2,  3,  19  exstructis  in  altum  divitiis  potietur  heres.  Epl. 
1,  6,  24  in  apricum  prof e ret  aetas.  Epl.  1,  18,  37  arca- 
num neque  .  .  .  scrutaberis  illius  unquam.  C.  3,  27,  39 
vigilansne  ploro  turpe  conmissum;  Epl.  1,  18,  38.  A.  P.  442  si 
defendere  delictum  quam  vertere  malles.     A.  P.  367  hoc  tibi 

14  See  Schmalz,  p.  609. 

15  See  Nagelsba'ch,  p.  131. 


10 

dictum  tolle  memor.  C.  1,  3,  8  serves  animae  dimidium  meae; 
Epl.  1,  2,  40.  S.  1,  10,  44  molle  atque  facetum  Vergilio  ad- 
nuerunt  gaudentes  rure  Camenae.  Epl.  2,  2,  32  clarus  ob  id 
factum  donis  ornatur  honestis.  Epl.  1,  10,  29  distinguere 
falsum.  C  3,  3,  17  gratum,  elocuta  .  .  .  lunone.  C.  4,  9,  41 
iudex  honestum  praetulit  utili;  S.  1,  6,  63.  A.  P.  126.  S.  1,  2, 
113  inane  abscindere  soldo.  Epl.  1,  16,  75  quid  me  perferre 
patique  indignum  coges.  S.  1,  3,  113  iiisto  secernere  iniquom. 
S.  2,  7,  87  per  leve.  S.  1,  3,  137  ne  longum  faciam;  2,  1,  57. 
S.  1,  9,  52  magnum  narras;  S.  1,  10,  20.  C.  3,  4,  67  diquoque 
provehunt  in  maius;  S.  2,  8,  57.  E.  13,  17  illic  omne  malum 
vino  cantuque  levato;  S.  1,  2,  59;  2,  1,  49.  A.  P.  368  certis 
medium  et  tolerabile  rebus  recte  concedi.  E.  16,  23  an  melius 
quis  liabet  suadere;  S.  2,  2,  82.  Epl.  2,  1,  169  creditur  .  .  . 
habere  sudoris  minimum.  Epl.  1,  17,  51  haberet  .  .  .  minus 
invidiaeque;  Epl.  2,  1,  170.  S.  1,  10,  44  molle  atque  facetum 
Vergilio  adnuerunt  gaudentes  rure  Camenae.  C.  3,  27,  6  si  per 
ohliquom  similis  sagittae  terruit  mannos.  S.  1,  10,  69  recideret 
omtie;  2,  6,  30;  2,  6,  109;  Epl.  1,  15,  38.  S.  2,  4,  4  peccatum 
fateor.  Epl.  2,  1,  265  ficto  in  peius  voltu  proponi.  C.  3,  27,  64 
nisi  erile  mavis  carpere  pensum.  S.  1,  10,  70  quod  ultra 
perfectum  traheretur.  C.  1,  17,  15  hinc  tibi  copia  manabit  ad 
plenum.  Epl.  1,  8,  16  praeceptum  auriculis  instillare  memento. 
S.  2,  7,  7  urget  propositum.  A.  P.  343  omne  tulit  punctum. 
S.  2,  3,  124  quantulum  enim  summae  curtabit  quisque  dierum. 
S.  2,  2,  201  rectum  animi  servas;  2,  7,  26;  Epl.  2,  2,  44.  E.  7, 
14  responsum  date.  C.  3,  2,  26  qui  Cereris  sacrum  volgarit ;  C. 
3,  3,  52.  S.  2,  5,  65  Nasicae  metuentis  reddere  soldum.  C.  1,  6, 
20  non  praeter  solitum  leves.  S.  1,  3,  95  sponsumve  negarit. 
S.  2,  3,  309  ab  imo  ad  summum  totus  moduli  bipedalis ;  Epl.  2, 
1,  32.  S.  2,  3,  236  qui  tantum  possideam.  S.  1,  1,  52  nobis 
tantundem  haurire  relinquas ;  1,  1,  56 ;  1,  3,  115 ;  2,  3,  237 ;  2,  4, 
91.  A.  P.  368  certis  medium  et  tolerabile  rebus  recte  concedi. 
A.  P.  343  qui  miscuit  utile  dulci.  S.  1, 1, 24  quamquam  ridentem 
dicere  verum  quid  vetat;  1,  3,  97;  2,  2,  8;  Epl.  2,  2,  45. 

(e)   The  Ablative. 

Wliat  has  been  said  in  regard  to  accusatives  with  preposi- 
tions is  true  also  of  ablatives.     Niigelsbach    (p.  101)    states 


11 

that  the  ablative  neuter  is  rarely  substantivized.  In  Horace 
the  usage  is  rather  frequent,  as  the  following  instances  indicate. 

According  to  Lane,^^  adjectives  of  two  endings  with  stems 
in  -i-  often  have  -e  in  the  ablative  when  they  are  used  as  sub- 
stantives. In  Horace,  however,  all  the  ablative  endings  of 
such  adjectives  are  in  -i. 

S.  1,  10,  14  ridiculum  acri  fortius  .  .  .  secat  res.  S.  1,  3,  52 
at  est  truculentior  atque  plus  aequo  liber;  Epl.  1,  2,  29;  1,  18, 
10;  2,  2,  10;  2,  2,  215.  Epl.  1,  16,  28  servet  in  amhiguo  qui  con- 
sulit.  Epl.  2,  2,  M  curvo  dignoscere  rectum.  S.  2,  2,  80  dicto 
citius;  A.  P.  273.  S.  2,  3,  318  maior  dimidio.  A.  P.  343  qui 
miscuit  utile  didci.^''  Epl.  2,  1,  239  edicto  vetuit.  S.  1,  6,  84 
ab  omni  non  solum  facto.  S.  2,  3,  308  ab  imo  ad  summum  totus 
moduli  bipedalis.  A.  P.  127  ab  incepto  processerit.  S.  2,  3, 
217  interdicto  huic  omne  adimat  ius  praetor.  C.  3,  7,  24 
Enipeus  plus  iusto  placeat;  S.  1,  1,  57;  1,  3,  113.  C.  1,  14,  10 
quos  iterum  pressa  voces  malo;  E.  15,  18 ;  S.  2,  3,  295.  S.  1,  2, 
108  nam  transvolat  in  medio  posita;  Epl.  1,  12,  7;  2,  1,  168; 
A.  P.  243.  A.  P.  240  ex  noto  fictum  carmen  sequar.  S.  1,  4,  56 
quivis  stomachetur  eodem  quo  personatus  pacto  pater;  1,  4,  99; 
1,  7,  2;  1,  8,  40;  2,  3, 148;  2,  4,  8;  2,  7,  22;  Epl.  1,  6,  10;  1,  8,  13; 

1,  16,  56;  1,  17,  2;  2,  1,  171.  C.  2,  16,  13  vivitur  parvo  bene; 
S.  2,  2,  1;  2,  2,  110;  Epl.  1,  10,  41;  2,  1,  139.  C.  3,  20,  3  post 
paulo;^^  S.  1,  2,  120;  Epl.  1,  6,  43;  1,  18,  83.  Epl.  2,  1,  45  utor 
permisso.  S.  2,  3,  293  casus  medicusve  levarit  aegrum  ex 
praecipiti.  Epl.  2,  2,  99  discedo  Alcaeus  puncto  illius;  2,  2, 
172.  S.  1,  2,  113  inane  abscindere  soldo.  A.  P.  378  si  paulum 
summo  decessit.    S.  1,  6,  63  qui  turpi  secernis  honestum.    Epl. 

2,  1,  18  sapiens  et  iustus  in  uno.  S.  2,  2,  56  cui  Canis  ex  vero 
dictum  cognomen  adhaeret. 

The  following  comparatives  are  found  in  the  neuter  singu- 
lar: S.  2,  2,  102  non  est  melius;  2,  8,  4.    Epl.  1,  18,  107  sit  mihi, 
quod  nunc  est,  etiam  minus.    C.  3,  4,  67  in  mains;  S.  2,  8,  57. 
E.  16,  23  an  melius  quis  habet  suadere ;  S.  2,  2,  82.    Epl.  1,  17 
51  haberet . .  .  minus  invidiae;  2,  1,  170.    Epl.  2,  1,  265  in  peius, 

i«Lane,  G.  M.,  A  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools  and  Collegesa,  revised 
by  Oertel  and  Morgan,  New  York,  §  558. 

iTlSTeue,  F.,  Formenlehre  der  lateinischen  Spraches,  revised  by  C. 
Wagener,  Berlin,  vol.  2  (1902),  p.  52. 

18  paulum  #. 


12 

The  following  superlatives :  S.  2,  6,  76  summumque  quid  eius. 
Epl.  1,  18,  35  ad  imum;  A.  P.  126.  Epl.  2, 1, 169  habere  sudoris 
minimum.  S.  2,  3,  309  ad  sumTnuTn;  Epl.  2,  1,  32.  S.  2,  3,  308 
ab  im^o. 

In  regard  to  the  neuter  singular  in  Horace,  the  dative  is  by 
far  the  least  used;  the  accusative  is  the  most  frequently  em- 
ployed, and  the  vocative  is  not  found.  The  neuter  singular  ex- 
presses chiefly  an  abstract  idea;  there  are,  however,  many 
instances  like  magnum,,  minus,  omne,  quantulum,  etc.,  which 
express  an  indefinite  idea;  substantivization  of  comparative 
and  superlative  adjectives  is  limited. 

2.  The  Neuter  Plural. 

The  use  of  substantivized  adjectives  in  the  neuter  plural  is 
quite  common.  In  the  classical  period  this  usage  is  chiefly 
confined  to  the  cases  that  can  be  recognized  by  their  form  as 
neuter,  namely,  the  nominative  and  accusative.  Thus  in 
Horace  and  other  careful  writers,  we  commonly  find  omnia  in 
the  nominative,  but  in  the  genitive,  omnium  rerum.  In  later 
writers,  however,  there  is  no  such  discrimination,  the  substan- 
tivization taking  place  frequently  in  all  the  cases.^^ 

The  neuter  plural  is  used  chiefly  in  a  concrete  sense,  occa- 
sionally expressing  an  abstract,  or  an  indefinite  idea ;  substan- 
tivization takes  place  with  adjectives  of  all  degrees  of  com- 
parison, with  and  without  prepositions,  and  in  all  declensions, 
the  second,  however,  being  more  frequent  than  the  third.^" 

A  genitive  of  the  whole  is  sometimes  joined  to  the  neuter 
plural,  especially  of  comparatives  and  superlatives.^^  Below 
are  given  the  instances  in  Horace.^^ 

The  complete  evolution  of  neuter  plural  adjectives  into  sub- 
stantives is  shown  by  the  fact  that  they  may  be  modified  by 
other  adjectives,  pronominal  adjectives,  or  participles. 

In  such  combinations  it  is  necessary  to  determine,  in  each 

19  See  Schmalz,  p.  609. 

20  See  Nagelsbach,  p.  113. 

21  See  Schmalz,  p.  609. 

22  C.  2,  1,  23  cuncta  terrarum  siibacta ;  2,  13,  28  dU7-a  belli;  4,  4,  76 
per  acuta  belli,  4,  12,  19  amaraque  curarum;  S.  2,  2,  25  vanis  rerum;  2, 
8,  83  fictis  rerum ;  A.  P.  49  audita  rerum. 


13 

instance  by  the  general  context,  which  is  the  adjective  and 
which  the  substantive. 

Some  of  these  adjectives  govern  words  in  other  cases,^^  and 
are  modified  by  phrases,^*  and  yet  maintain  a  large  element  of 
their  substantive  character,  a  usage  not  mentioned  by  the 
writers  on  this  subject. 

In  Horace,  too,  there  are  several  instances^^  in  which  the 
neuter  plural  of  the  adjective  is  used  to  denote  both  persons 
and  things.  In  all  of  these,  persons  are  uppermost  in  the  mind 
of  the  writer  but  the  statements  are  made  more  general  through 
the  use  of  the  neuter.  The  grammarians  do  not  speak  of  this 
usage,  yet  it  is,  no  doubt,  found  in  all  writers. 

Substantivizations  of  the  gerundive  are  found  from  the 
time  of  Horace  on.^" 

(a)  Nominatwe. 

The  examples  of  the  neuter  plural  are  the  following : 

E.  15,  21  nee  te  Pythagorae  fallant  arcana.     S.  1,  3,  Tl  si 

23  Cf.  C.  1,  18,  12  nee  variis  oisita  frondihus  sub  divom  rapiam; 
2,  13,  29  utrumque  sacro  digna  silentio  mirantur  umbrae  dicere ;  4,  11, 
19  semper  ut  te  digna  sequare.  S.  1,  3,  95  aut  si  prodiderit  conmissa 
fide;  S.  1,  4,  42  siqui  scribat  ut  nos  sermoni  propiora;  S.  1,  4,  53 
numquid  Pomponius  istls  audiret  leviora;  1,  6,  78  quas  doceat  quivis  .  .  . 
semet  prognatos;  2.  2,  ill  aptarit  idonea  hello;  2.  3,  299  respicere 
ignoto  discet  pendentia  tergo.  Epl.  1,  6,  9  qui  timet  his  adversa.  A. 
P.  119  aut  fama  sequere  aut  sibi  convenientia  finge. 

24  Cf.  S.  1,  1,  102  pergis  puguantia  sectim  frontibus  adversis  con- 
ponere ;  1,  2,  108  nam  transvolat  in  medio  posita.  Epl.  1,  12,  7  si  forte 
in  medio  positorum  abstemius  herbis  vivis.  A.  P.  180  segnius  irritant 
animos  demissa  per  aurem  ;  338  flcta  voluptatis  causa  sint  proxima  veris. 

25  Cf.  C.  1,  34,  12  valet  ima  summis  mutare  et  insignem  attenuat  deus, 
ohscura  promens. 

Epl.  1.  9,  4  dignum  mente  domoque  legentis  Jionesta  Neronis. 
Epl.  2,  2,  179  si  metit  Orcus  grandia  cum  parvis. 

26  See  Schmalz.  p.  611. 

In  Horace  we  find  the  following  instances :  S.  1,  2,  75  ac  non  fugienda 
petendis  inmiscere ;  S.  1,  3,  114  dividit  ut  bona  diversis,  fugienda 
petendis;  S.  1,  10,  51  ferentem  plura  quidem  tollenda  relinquendis ; 
S.  2,  3,  54  est  genus  unum  stultitiae  nihilum  metuenda  timentis  ;  S.  2, 
7,  36  Mulvius  et  scurrae,  tibi  non  referenda  (refrenanda  E)  precati; 
Epl.  1,  7,  72  dicenda  tacenda  locutus ;  A.  P.  449  mutanda  notabit. 

The  gerund  is  a  gerundive  in  origin.  There  are  47  instances  of  the 
gerund  in  Horace  ;  for  example,  S.  1.  1,  92  sit  finis  quaerendi;  1,  4,  65 
genus  hoc  scribendi. 


14 

modo  plura  milii  hona  sunt.  C.  3,  29,  33  cetera  fluminis  ritu 
f eruntur ;  S.  1,  1,  13.  C.  4,  7,  19  cuncta  manus  avidas  f ugient 
heredis.  A.  P.  347  sunt  delicta  tamen.  S.  2,  6,  97  haec  ubi 
dicta  agrestem pepulere ;  A.P.  112.  Epl.  1,7,96  quantum dimissa 
petitis  praestent.  S.  2,  3,  95  omnis  enim  res,  virtus,  fama, 
decus,  divina  humanaque  pulcris  divitiis  parent.  S.  2,  2,  75 
dulcia  se  in  bilem  vertent.  A.  P.  68  mortalia  facta  peribunt. 
A.  P.  338  ficta  voluptatis  causa  sint  proxima  veris.  S.  2,  3,  95 
divina  humanaque  pulcris  divitiis  parent.  A.  P.  169  multa 
senem  circumveniunt  incommoda.  A.  P.  12  non  ut  placidis 
coeant  inmitia.  S.  2,  3,  267  in  amore  haec  sunt  mala;  Epl.  2, 
2, 127  dum  mea  delectent  mala  me ;  C.  3, 16, 43  multa  petentibus 
desunt  multa;  Epl.  1,  6,  45.  Epl.  1,  7,  44  parvom  'parva  decent. 
Epl.  1,  18,  77  ne  mox  incutiant  aliena  tibi  peccata  pudorem. 
A.  P.  351  verum  ubi  plura  nitent.  S.  1,  2,  100  plurima,  quae 
invideant  pure  adparere  tibi  rem.  Epl.  2,  1,  52  quo  promissa 
cadant ;  2,  2,  10.  E.  5,  52  arcana  cum  fiunt  sacra.  Epl.  2,  1,  29 
quia  Graiorum  sunt  antiquissima  quaeque  scrip ta  vel  optima. 
S.  2,  6,  93  terrestria  quando  mortalis  animas  vivont  sortita. 

(&)  Genitive. 

S.  1,  1,  79  horum  semper  ego  optarem  pauperrimus  esse 
honorum.  C.  3,  16,  18  sequitur  cura  pecuniam  maiorumque 
fames.  Epl.  2,  2,  38  grandia  laturus  meritorum  praemia.  S.  2, 
3,  244  pravorum  et  amore  gemellum.  S.  2,  3,  2  scriptorum 
quaeque  retexens.  A.  P.  164  utilium  tardus  provisor.  Epl.  2, 
1,  23  sic  fautor  veterum. 

(c)  Dative. 

Epl.  2,  1,  78  nee  veniam  antiquis  .  .  .  posci.  C.  1,  28,  9  lovis 
arcanis  Minos  admissus.  S.  2,  2,  6  cum  acclinis  falsis  animus 
meliora  recusat.  A.  P.  14  inceptis  gravibus  plerumque  et 
magna  professis.  C.  4,  8,  24  si  taciturnitas  obstaret  meritis 
invida  Romuli;  Epl.  2,  1,  10.  S.  1,  3,  75  aequom  est  peccatis 
veniam  poscentem  reddere  rursus;  S.  1,  3,  118;  Epl.  1,  16,  62. 
Epl.  1,  7,  96  quantum  dimissa  petitis  praestent.  A.  P.  12  ut 
placidis  coeant  inmitia.  S.  2, 4, 2  ponere  signa  no  vis  praeceptis. 
Epl.  1,  17,  24  praesentihus  aequom.  S.  2,  7,  8  pravis  obnoxia. 
S.  2,  6,  82  asper  et  attentus  quaesitis.  S.  2,  3,  305  liceat  con- 
cedere  veris;  A.  P.  338. 


15 

(d)  Accusative. 

A.  P.  49  indiciis  monstrare  recentibiis  dbdita  renim.     C.  4, 

4,  76  expediiint  per  acuta  belli.  Epl.  1,  6,  9  qui  timet  his 
adversa.  S.  2,  4,  57  volvens  aliena.  C.  2,  16,  26  amara  lento 
temperet  risu;  4,  12,  19.  A.  P.  165  amata  relinquere  pernix. 
E.  11, 14  mero  arcana  promorat ;  S.  2, 1, 30.  Epl.  1,  2,  21  aspera 
miilta  pertulit.  S.  1,  3,  70  cum  mea  conpenset  vitiis  'bona;  1,  3, 
114;  2,  3,  182;  Epl.  1,  15,  42;  1,  16,  75.  Epl.  1,  17,  34  caelestia 
temptat.  C.  1,  9,  9  permitte  divis  cetera;  4,  2,  60;  E.  13,  7;  S. 
1,  2,  95;  1,  10,  5;  2,  6,  14;  Epl.  1,  10,  3;  1,  10,  50;  2,  1,  20;  2,  2, 
65.  S.  2,  8,  76  tibi  di  .  .  .  commoda  dent;  Epl.  1,  14,  37;  2,  1, 
3 ;  A.  P.  175.    A.  P.  128  difficile  est  proprie  communia  dicere. 

5.  1,  4,  84  conmissa  tacere  qui  nequit;  Epl.  1,  18,  70;  A.  P.  200. 
Epl.  1,  16,  41  qui  consulta  patrum  .  .  .  servat.  A.  P.  119  aut 
famam  sequere  aut  sibi  convenientia  finge;  A.  P.  316  reddere 
personae  scit  convenientia  cuique.  C.  2,  1,  23  cuncta  terrarum 
subacta;  C.  3,  1,  8;  4,  9,  38;  S.  2,  4,  90;  Epl.  1,  7,  34;  1,  12,  11; 
1,  18,  96.  C.  S.  18  patrumque  prosperes  decreta.  C.  3,  6,  1 
delicta  maiorum  inmeritus  lues;  S.  1,  3,  79;  1,  3,  141.  Epl.  1, 
5,  25  qui  dicta  foras  eliminet;  A.  P.  247;  335.  Epl.  1,  1,  55 
recinunt  iuvenes  dictata;  1,  18,  13.  C.  2, 13,  29  utrumque  sacro 
digna  silentio  mirantur  umbrae  dicere;  4,  11,  29  semper  ut  te 
digna  sequare.  S.  1,  1,  3  laudet  diversa  sequentis;  1,  1,  109; 
Epl.  2,  2,  62.  Epl.  1,  7,  39  si  possum  donata  reponere  laetus. 
Epl.  1,  11,  23  neu  dulcia  differ  in  annum.  Epl.  2,  1,  141 
dura  ferentem.  C.  4,  15,  22  edicta  rumpent  lulia.  S.  2,  2, 
74  at  simul  assis  miscueris  elixa.  S.  1,  8,  45  voces  Furi- 
arum  et  facta  duarum;  1,  10,  43;"  Epl.  1,  17,  16;  2,  1, 
6 ;  2,  1,  130 ;  2,  1,  237 ;  A.  P.  287.  A.  P.  151  sic  veris  falsa  re- 
miscet.  S.  1,  2,  108  fugientia  captat.  C.  1,  6,  9  neque  haec 
dicere  .  .  .  conamur,  tenues  grandia;  Epl.  2,  2,  179 ;  A.  P.  27. 
Epl.  1,  9,  4  legentis  honesta  Neronis.  S.  2, 2,  111  aptarit  idonea 
bello ;  A.  P.  334.  A.  P.  130  si  proferres  ignota.  C.  1,  34,  12 
valet  ima  summis  mutare.  Epl.  1,  19,  33  iuvat  inmemorata 
ferentem.  C.  4, 7, 7  inmortalia  ne  speres.  A.  P.  130  si  proferres 
ignota  indictaque  primus.  S.  2,  3,  254  ponas  insignia  morbi. 
S.  1,  2,  96  si  interdicta  petes.  S.  1,  1,  23  ne  sic  ut  qui  iocularia 
ridens  percurram.     A.  P.  334  iucunda  et  idonea  dicere  vitae. 

27  fata  Goth. 


16 


Epl.  1,  7,  52  iussa  Philippi  accipiebat;  1,  9,  12.  C.  2,  18,  13 
largiora  flagito.  A.  P.  26  sectantem  levia^^  nervi  deficiunt 
animique.  S.  1,  4,  53  numquid  Pomponius  istis  audiret  leviora. 
Epl.  1,  1,  10  cetera  ludicra  pono ;  1,  6,  7.  C.  3,  3,  72  magyia 
modis  tenuare  parvis;  S.  1, 4,  44 ;  Epl.  1, 10,  32 ;  2, 1, 125 ;  A.  P. 
14.  S.  2,  5,  21  maiora  tuli ;  Epl.  1,  17,  24.  C.  2,  13,  28  dura 
fugae  mala;  3,  6,  8;  3,  12,  2;  S.  1,  2,  68;  1,  3,  25;  1,  4,  30;  2,  3, 
203 ;  Epl.  1, 1, 43 ;  2, 1, 219 ;  A.  P.  452.  Epl.  1, 13, 19  mandataque 
frangas;  A.  P.  104.  Epl.  1,  9,  8  sed  timui,  mea  ne  finxisse 
minora  putarer.  C.  1,  29,  16  pollicitus  meliora^  tendis ;  S.  1,  2, 
73 ;  2,  2,  6 ;  2,  6,  89.  C.  2,  16,  18  quid  brevi  fortes  iaculamur 
aevo  multa;  3,  16,  42;  4,  9,  45;  S.  1,  10,  69;  2,  3,  9;  Epl.  1,  8,  3; 

2,  1,  67 ;  2,  2,  102 ;  A.  P.  183 ;  413.  S.  2,  5,  1  praeter  narrata. 
C.  4,  4,  36  indecorant  bene  nata  culpae.  Epl.  1,  6,  25  defodiet 
condetque  nitentia.  Epl.  2,  1,  89  nos  nostraque  lividus  odit. 
C.  1,  34, 14  ohscura  promens ;  S.  2,  5,  58.  S.  2, 4, 28  viles  pellent 
ohstantia  conchae.  C.  1,  3,  25  audax  omnia  perpeti  gens 
humana ;  1,  18,  3 ;  4,  4,  22 ;  S.  1,  1,  86 ;  S.  1,  2,  115 ;  1,  3,  13 ;  1, 
9,  5;  2,  3,  300;  2,  4,  61;  2,  8,  64;  Epl.  1,  5,  16  operta  recludit. 
S.  1,  2,  90  ne  corporis  oj^tima  Lyncei  contemplere  oculis.    S.  2, 

3,  86  dare  centum  damnati  populo  paria.  Epl.  1,  15,  44  nam 
tuta  et  parvola  laudo.    C.  2,  11,  5  poscentis  aevi  pauca.    S.  1, 

3,  96  quis  paria  esse  fere  placuit  peccata;  A.  P.  266.  C.  1,  7, 
300  fortes  peioraque  passi  mecum  saepe  viri.  S.  2,  3,  299 
respicere  ignoto  discet  pendentia  tergo.  S.  1,  4,  97  permidta 
rogatus  fecit;  1,  5,  62.  Epl.  2,  1,  66  si  pleraque  dure  dicere 
credit  eos;  A.  P.  44.  C.  3,  16,  21  quanto  quisque  sibi  plura 
negaverit;  C.  3,  16,  22;  3,  16,  38;  E.  16,  53;  C.  S.  44;  S.  1,  6, 
57 ;  Epl.  1,  10,  45 ;  2,  2,  147 ;  2,  2, 148 ;  2,  2,  192 ;  2,  2,  196 ;  A.  P. 
432.  Epl.  2,  1,  11  notaque  f atali  portenta  labore  subegit ;  Epl. 
2,  2,  209.  S.  2,  3,  34  descripsi  docilis  praecepta  haec;  2,  4,  11; 
2,  4,  95 ;  Epl.  1,  1,  18.  S.  2,  3,  9  voltus  erat  multa  et  praeclara 
minantis.    C.  3,  3,  2  non  civium  ardor  prava  iubentium.    S.  1, 

4,  42  siqui  scribat  uti  nos  sermoni  propiora.  A.  P.  397  piiblica 
privatis  secernere.  S.  1,  1,  102  pergis  pugnantia  secum  .  .  . 
conponere.  S.  1,  2,  73.  Epl.  1,  8,  3  multa  et  pulchra  minantem. 
Epl.  1,  1,  100  mutat  quadrata  rotundis.  S.  2,  7,  7  modo  recta 
capessens.     Epl.   1,  7,  97  repetatque  relicta.     C.   S.  55  iam 

28lenia  s. 


17 

Scythae  responsa  petiint;  S.  1,  8,  29.  C.  4,  4,  54  iactata  Tuscis 
aequoribus  sacra;  4,  6,  14;  S.  1,  3,  11;  1,  3,  117;  Epl.  1,  16,  54; 
A.  P.  397.  S.  1,  4,  23  cum  mea  nemo  scripta  legat;  1,  4,  75; 
1,  10,  56 ;  Epl.  1,  3,  17;  1,  19,  42 ;  2,  2,  67.  S.  1,  1,  27  quaeramus 
serm  ludo ;  2,  2,  125 ;  A.  P.  226.    C.  3,  8,  28  linqiie  seyera.     S. 

1,  6,  32  curam  qiiaerendi  singula;  1,  8,  40;  2,  6,  87;  Epl.  2,  2, 
65.  Epl.  1,  12,  15  adhiic  suhlimia  cures.  C.  1,  16,  26  nunc  ego 
mitibus  mutare  quaero  tiistia.  S.  2,  3,  151  ni  tua  custodis; 
Epl.  2,  2,  195.  S.  1,  2,  85  quaerit,  quo  turpia  celet.  Epl.  1,  15, 
44  nam  tuta  et  parvola  laudo.  Epl.  1,  18,  28  ait  prope  vera. 
Epl.  1,  15,  39  satis  inter  vilia  fortis;  1,  17,  21.  S.  1,  4,  84 
fingere  qui  non  visa  potest. 

(e)  Ahlative. 

S.  2,  2,  73  at  simul  assis  miscueris  elixa.  S.  2,  3,  110  nescius 
uti  conpositis.  Epl.  2,  2,  192  quod  non  plura  datis  invenerit. 
S.  1,  4,  121  sic  me  formabat  puerum  dictis;  S.  2,  7,  78.  S.  1, 
3,  114  dividit  ut  bona  diversis.  Epl.  2,  2,  197  ut  festis  Quin- 
quatribus.  S.  2,  8,  83  dumque  ridetur  -flctis  remm  Balatrone 
secundo.  C.  2,  10,  13  sperat  infestis  .  .  .  pectus.  E.  5,  12  con- 
stitit  insignibtcs  raptis  puer;  S.  2,  7,  53.  A.  P.  170  inventis 
miser  abstinet  ac  timet  uti.  S.  1,  9,  50  nee  magis  his  aliena 
malis.  C.  3,  30,  15  sume  superbiam  quaesitam  meritis.  C.  1, 
16,  25  nunc  ego  mitibus  mutare  quaero  tristia.  C.  1,  31,  17 
frui  paratis;  S.  2,  3,  167.  Epl.  2,  2,  179  metit  Orcus  grandia 
cum  parvis.  S.  1,  3,  16  paucis  contento.  S.  2,  2,  109  hie  qui 
pluribus  adsuerit  mentem.  Epl.  2,  1,  128  praeceptis  format 
amicis.  S.  2,  2,  71  in  primis  valeas  bene ;  2,  88,  6.  A.  P.  397 
publica  privatis  secernere.  Epl.  1,  16,  54  miscebis  sacra 
profanis;  A.  P.  397.  S.  2,  3,  6  die  aliquid  dignum  promissis. 
S.  1,  1,  38  illis  utitur  ante  quaesitis  patiens.  C.  S.  44  daturus 
plura  relictis.  Epl,  1,  1,  100  mutat  quadrata  rotundis.  C.  3, 
14,  6  mulier  .  .  .  prodeat  iustis  operata  sacris;  S.  2,  8,  14 ;  A.  P. 
224.  C.  2,  10,  13  metuit  secundis  alteram  sortem.  C.  1,  34,  12 
valet  ima  summis  mutare.    S.  2,  3,  324  teneas  .  .  .  tuis  te.    S.  2, 

2,  25  corruptus  vanis  rerum.  S.  2, 3, 208  qui  species  alias  veris^^ 
scelerisque  tumulta  permixtas  capiet,  commotus  habebitur; 
A.  P.  151. 

30  veri  sceleris  a  D  E  Bland^. 


18 

The  neuter  plural  comparatives  are:  A.  P.  351  verum  ubi 
flura  nitent;  C.  3,  16,  18  sequitur  cura  pecuniam  maiorumque 
fames ;  S.  2,  2,  109  hie  qui  pluribus  adsuerit  mentem ;  C.  2,  18, 
13  largiora  flagito ;  S.  1,  4,  53  audiret  leviora;  S.  2,  5,  21  maiora 
tuli;  Epl.  1,  17,  24;  C.  1,  29,  16  pollicitus  meliora;  S.  1,  2,  73; 

2,  2,  6 ;  2,  6,  89 ;  C.  1,  7,  300  fortes  peioraque  passi  .  .  .  viri ;  C. 

3,  16,  21  plura  negaverit ;  C.  3,  16,  22 ;  3,  16,  38 ;  E.  16,  53 ; 
C.  S.  44 ;  S.  1,  6,  57 ;  Epl.  1, 10,  45 ;  2,  2,  147 ;  2,  2,  148 ;  2,  2,  192 ; 
2,  2,  196 ;  A.  P.  432 ;  S.  1,  4,  42  sermoni  propiora. 

Neuter  plural  superlatives:  S.  1,  2,  100  plurima,  quae  in- 
videant  pure  adparere  tibi  rem;  C.  1,  34,  12  valet  ima  summis 
mutare;  S.  1,  2,  90  ne  corporis  optima  Lyncei  contemplere 
oculis;  S.  2,  2,  71  in  primis  valeas  bene;  2,  8,  6;  C.  1,  34,  12 
valet  ima  summis  mutare. 

It  is  apparent  that  neuter  plural  adjectives  in  Horace  are 
more  frequently  substantivized  than  adjectives  of  the  neuter 
singular.  The  accusative  case  alone  furnishes  over  two  hun- 
dred examples,  but  of  the  nominative,  contrary  to  what  one 
might  expect,  there  are  only  a  few  instances;  the  genitive  is 
used  substantively  only  seven  times,  but  the  dative  and  ablative 
supply  numerous  examples. 

Comparatives  of  the  neuter  plural  are  substantivized  rather 
frequently,  but  there  are  only  six  superlatives. 

Substantive  adjectives  in  a  definitive  sense,  e.g.,  cetera., 
euncta.,  magna.,  multa,  omnia.,  pauca,  etc.,  are  very  numerous 
in  Horace. 

3.  The  Masculine  Singular. 

For  the  substantive  use  of  the  adjective  in  the  masculine  sin- 
gular, Nagelsbach^^  gives  the  following  rules :  The  adjective  is 
used  substantively — 

1.  When  it  has  a  collective  sense,  as  in  Livy  6,  3,  8 :  parcitur 
inerm^i,' 

2.  When  two  persons  are  placed  in  contrast  with  each  other, 
as  in  Cic.  pro  Quinct.  31,  95:  indignum  est  a  pari  vinci  aut 
superiore; 

3.  When  philosophical  language  is  used,  in  which  mention 
is  made  of  an  ideally  conceived  person,  as  in  Quintil.  11,  1,  45 : 

81  p.  123. 


19 

non  idem  apud  eruditum^  quod  militarem  ac  rusticum  deceat; 

4.  When  the  substantivized  adjective  stands  in  co-ordination 
with  real  substantives,  as  in  Cic.  in  Cat.  4,  5,  10:  ipsum  Len- 
tulum,  largitorem  et  yrodiguTn; 

5.  When  it  stands  in  combination  with  a  pronoun,  as  in 
Caes.  B.  G.  6,  13,  6:  si  qui  aut  privatus  aut  populus  eorum 
decreto  non  stetit,  sacrificiis  interdictum; 

6.  When  modified  by  another  adjective,  as  in  Cic.  de  Fin. 
4,  5,  10:  de  callido  imfrobo  quaerimus. 

According  to  Kiilmer  (p.  225)  in  combinations  like  neque 
quisquam  mortalis,  quivis  Atheniensis,  etc.,  it  is  the  pronoun 
that  is  the  substantive  element  of  the  expression.  Nagelsbach^^ 
thinks  the  same.  In  Horace  this  seems  usually  to  be  the  case, 
yet  there  are  a  few  instances  in  which  the  adjective  is  appar- 
ently the  important  element  and  therefore  to  be  regarded  as 
the  substantive.  Cf.  S.  2,  6,  69  sen  quis  capit  acria  fortis 
pocula;  S.  2,  1,  40  his  stilus  baud  petet  ultro  quemquam 
animanteTn. 

Nagelsbach^^  (p.  137)  says  that  the  use  of  the  present  active 
participle  in  the  nominative  singular  almost  never  occurs.  In 
Horace  there  is  only  one  word  of  this  kind,  namely,  sapiens, 
but  sapiens  although  a  participle  by  origin  is  always  used  as  a 
substantive  or  adjective  and  never  as  a  participle. 

The  grammarians  and  writers  of  special  treatises  on  sub- 
stantivization nowhere  make  a  separate  classification  of  ad- 
jectives of  common  gender.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  about  one 
half  of  the  adjectives  that  have  been  grouped  below  as  mas- 
culines seem  to  be  common  gender.  The  following  instance, 
for  example,  seems  clearly  to  be  of  the  common  gender:  S.  2, 
6,  95  aut  magno  aut  parvo  leti  fuga. 

(«)    The  Nominative. 

As  to  the  relative  frequency  of  the  masculine  singular  in  the 
nominative,  Kiihner  (p.  224)  states  that  it  is  far  rarer  than  the 
plural.  In  Horace,  however,  just  the  opposite  is  the  case,  the 
singular  being  much  more  frequently  substantivized.    S.  1, 9, 75 

82  p.   126. 

33  See  also  Schmalz,  p.  610. 


20 

casu  venit  obvius  illi  adv er sarins ;  Epl.  1,  18,  63.  S.  2,  3,  162 
non  est  cardiacus  .  .  .  hie  aeger.  Epl.  1,  6,  15  insani  sapiens 
nomen  ferat,  aequos  iniqui.  S.  1,  1,  108  nemo,  ut  avarus^  se 
probet ;  Epl.  1,  2,  56 ;  1,  16,  63.  Epl.  1,  17,  4  caecus  iter  mon- 
strare  velit.  S.  1,  3,  89  captivos  ut  audit.  Epl.  2,  2,  39  post 
haec  ille  catus  .  .  .  inquit.  S.  1,  5,  21  donee  cerehrosus  pro- 
silit  unus.  S.  1,  1,  17  tu,  consultus  modo,  rusticus;  A.  P.  369. 
C.  2,  18,  10  pauperemque  dives  me  petit;  Epl.  1,  1,  84.  S.  1, 
10,  52  tu  nihil  in  magno  doctus  reprehendis  Homero;  S.  2,  7, 
13.2*  Epl.  1,  18,  87  exfertus  metuet.  S.  2,  6,  69  seu  quis  capit 
acria  fortis  pocula.  S.  1,  9,  33  garrulus  hunc  quando  consumet 
eumque ;  S.  2,  5,  90 ;  Epl.  1,  18,  69.  S.  2,  5,  31  si  gnatus  erit. 
Epl.  2,  2,  193  quantum  simplex  hilarisque  nepoti  discrepet. 
Epl.  1,  17,  32  sine  vivat  ineptus.  Epl.  1,  1,  38  iners,  vinosus, 
amator.  C.  3, 4, 20  animosus  infans.  S.  1, 9, 73  fugit  inprohus; 
2, 6, 29 ;  Epl.  1, 7, 63.    C.  1, 22, 1  integer  vitae  .  .  .  non eget.    Epl. 

1,  1,  38  invidus,  iracundus,  .  .  .  amator;  1,  2,  57.  Epl.  1,  1,  38 
invidus,  iracundus,  iners  .  .  .  amator.  C.  1,  33,  3  cur  tibi  iunior 
laesa  praeniteat  fide.  S.  2,  3,  30  ut  lethargicus  hie  cum  fit 
pugil.  S.  2,  3,  281  lihertinus  erat;  2,  7,  12.  Epl.  1,  1,  93  con- 
ducto  navigio  aeque  nauseat  ae  locuples.  S.  1,  1,  113  sic 
festinanti  semper  locupletior  obstat.  S.  1,  4,  3  quod  mains  ac 
fur,  quod  moechus  foret.  Epl.  1,  18,  94  plerumque  modestus 
occupat  obscuri  speeiem.  C.  3,  29,  31  si  mortalis  ultra  fas 
trepidat.  S.  2,  2,  76  vides,  ut  pallidus  omnis  cena  desurgat 
dubia.     Epl.  1,  5,  25  ut  coeat  par  iungaturque  pari.     Epl.  2, 

2,  194  quantum  discordet  parens  avaro.  Epl.  1,  1,  91  quid 
pauper.  C.  1,  7,  8  plurimus  .  .  .  aptum  dicet  equis  Argos.  Epl. 
1,  7,  20  prodigus  et  stultus  donat.  S.  1,  7, 17  discedat  pulcrior^^ 
ultro.  C.  1,  22,  1  scelerisque  purus  non  eget.  E.  2,  68  iam  iam 
rusticus;  S.  1,  1,  17;  2,  2,  3;  2,  6,  115;  Epl.  1,  2,  42;  1,  7,  83; 
1,  13,  13;  2,  2,  39;  A.  P.  213.  C.  2,  9,  14  ploravit  Anti- 
loehum  senex;  A.  P.  115.  Epl.  2,  2,  193  quantum  simplex 
hilarisque  nepoti  discrepet.  C.  3,  2,  10  sponsus  lacessat  regius. 
Epl.  1,  7,  20  prodigus  et  stultus  donat  quae  spernit.  Epl.  1, 
18,  95  modestus  occupat  obscuri  speeiem,  taciturnus  acerbi. 
A.  P.  213  turpis  honesto.     S.  2,  3,  228  aueeps,  unguentarius 

34  doctor  $  Bland,  schol.  T. 

35  pigrior  Bland,   s. 


21 

.  .  .  veniant.  S.  2,  6,  90  tandem  urbanus  ad  hiinc.  S.  2,  4,  55 
vafer  .  .  .  colligit;  2,  5,  24.  C.  3,  24,  16  aeqiiali  recreat  sorte 
mcarius;  S.  2,  7,  79.  C.  3,  7,  23  at  tibi  ne  mcinus  Enipeus  plus 
iusto  placeat,  cave;  S.  2,  2,  120;  2,  6,  77=^^;  Epl.  2,  2,  132.  Epl. 
1,  14,  15  vilicus  optas;  2,  2,  160.  Epl.  1,  1,  38  iners,  vinosus, 
amator. 

(h)   Genitive. 

Epl.  1,  18,  95  plerumqiie  modestiis  occupat  obscuri  speeiem, 
taciturnus  acerhi.  A.  P.  7  velut  aegri^"^  somnia.  C.  4,  1,  18 
largi  muneribus  riserit  aemuli.  C.  4,  9,  47  rectius  occupat 
iiomen  heati.  S.  2,  5,  47  caelihis  obsequium.  Epl.  2,  2,  87 
f rater  erat  Romae  consulti  rhetor.  Epl.  2,  1,  246  quae  multa 
dantis  cum  laude  tulerunt.  S.  1,  4,  83  famamque  dicacis, 
fingere  qui  non  visa  potest.  A.  P.  112  si  dicentis  erunt  fortunis 
obsona  dicta.  S.  1,  3,  43  at  pater  ut  gnati;  2,  3,  304.  Epl.  1,  6, 
15  insani  sapiens  nomen  ferat,  aequos  iniqui.  S.  2,  3,  74  insani 
est,  contra  bene  sani;  Epl.  1,  6,  15.  Epl.  1,  19,  46  luctantis 
acuto  ne  secer  ungui.  Epl.  2,  2,  124  ludentis  speeiem  dabit. 
Epl.  1,  7,  24  pro  laude  merentis.  Epl.  1,  18,  95  occupat  obscuri 
speeiem,  taciturnus  acerbi.  E.  11,  12  nil  valere  candidum 
pauperis  ingenium.  S.  2,  3,  74  si  male  rem  gerere  insani  est, 
contra  bene  sani.  Epl.  1,  18,  2  metues,  liberrime  Lolli,  scur- 
rantis  speeiem  praebere.  S.  2,  1,  34  quo  fit,  ut  omnis  .  .  .  vita 
senis;  Epl.  2,  1,  56.  A.  P.  98  si  curat  cor  spectantis  tetigisse 
querella.  S.  1,  10,  13  defendente  vicem  modo  rhetoris  .  .  . 
interdum  urhani.^^ 

(c)   Dative. 

Epl.  2,  1,  114  habrotonum  aegro  non  audet  .  .  .  dare.  C.  3,  2, 
30  neglectus  incesto  addidit  integrum.  Epl.  1,  11,  17  incolumi 
Rhodos  et  Mitylene  pulcra  facit.  Epl.  1,  16,  34  detulerit 
fasces  indigno.  Epl.  1,  5,  14  adsidet  insano.  S.  2,  6,  95  neque 
ulla  est  aut  magno  aut  parvo  leti  fuga,  S.  1,  3,  59  nullique 
7nalo  latus  obdit  apertum.  Epl.  1,  1,  48  meliori  credere  non 
vis.  Epl.  2,  1,  106  minori  dicere.  C.  1,  24,  10  nulli  flebilior 
quam  tibi,  Vergili;  C.  1,  36,  6;  S.  2,  2,  134;  2,  5,  5;  Epl.  2,  2, 

36  vicinos  (-nas  ¥)  X  I  Bland.,  vicino  E. 

37  aegris  a  B  K  schol.  V  V. 

38  urbane  (urbemR")  K*  *. 


22 

148 ;  2,  2,  175.  S.  1,  3,  16  huic  parco.  Epl.  1,  5,  26  ut  coeat  par 
iungatiirque  pa7i.  S.  2,  6,  95  aut  magno  aut  parvo  leti  fuga. 
C.  2,  18,  33  aequa  tellus  pauperi  recluditur;  3,  21,  18.  S.  2,  5, 
76  ultro  Penelopam  facilis  potiori  trade.  Epl.  2,  2,  36  quae 
timido  quoque  possent  addere  mentem. 

{d)  Accusative. 

Epl.  2, 1, 131  inopem  solatur  et  aegrum.  Epl.  1, 18,  90  agilem 
navomque  remissi.  S.  2, 6,  98  haec  ubi  dicta  agrestem  pepulere ; 
2,  6,  107.  E.  11,  9  in  quis  amantem  languor  et  silentium  arguit. 
S.  2,  1,  40  hie  stilus  baud  petet  ultro  quemquam  animantem. 
S.  2,  3,  249  siquem  delectet  harhatum.  Epl.  1,  16,  69  ven- 
dere  cum  possis  captivom.  Epl.  1,  17,  61  crudeles,  tollite 
claudum.  S.  2,  5,  90  di-fficilem  et  morosum  offendet  garrulus. 
Epl.  1, 18, 78  non  dlgnum  tradimus.  C.  4, 11,  31  disparem  vites. 
A.  P.  474  indoctum  doctumque  fugat  recitator  acerbus.  Epl. 
1,  5,  17  ad  proelia  trudit  inertem.^^  Epl.  2,  1,  131  inopem 
solatur,  C.  1,  34,  13  insignem^°  attenuat  deus.  C.  3,  2,  30  saepe 
Diespiter  neglectus  incesto  addidit  integ7nim.  Epl.  1,  2,  52 
iuvat  ilium  sic  domus  et  res  ut  lippum  pictae  tabulae.  S.  2, 
5,  29  qui  meliorem  audax  vocet  in  ius.  S.  2,  5,  90  difficilem  et 
morosum  offendet  garrulus.  S.  2,  6,  58  ut  unum  scilicet  egregii 
mortalem  altique  silenti.  Epl.  1,  18,  90  agilem  navomque 
remissi.  Epl.  1,  18,  80  ut  penitus  notum,  si  temptent  crimina. 
Epl.  1,  6,  38  ac  bene  nummatum  decorat.  C.  1,  24,  8  nudaque 
Veritas  quando  ullum  inveniet  parem.  Epl.  1,  7,  44  parvom 
parva  decent.  C.  2,  18,  39  his  levare  functum  pauperem. 
Epl.  1,  17,  62  quaere  peregrinum.  C.  3,2,31  raro  antecedentem 
scelestum  deseruit.  Epl.  1,  18,  90  oderunt  .  .  .  sedatum  celeres. 
S.  2,  5,  71  libertusve  senem  delirum  temperet;  A.  P.  169.  S.  2, 
5,  42  aliquis  cubito  stantem  prope  tangens  inquiet.  Epl.  1,  2, 
71  nee  tardum  opperior.  Epl.  1,  18,  89  oderunt  hilarem  tristes 
tristemque  iocosi. 

(e)   Vocative. 

S.  2,  6,  51  O  hone,-  2,  6,  95 ;"  Epl.  2,  2,  37.  S.  1,  9,  4  quid 
agis,  dulcissime  rerum.     C.  4,  1,  40  sequor  .  .  .  te  per  aquas, 

39  inermem  A  F  X  ?. 

40  insigne  Bentley. 

41  bene  E  I  (Bland.)- 


23 

dure^  volubilis.  S.  2,  3,  207  placavi  sanguine  divos.  '  nempe 
tuo,  furiose.''  S.  2,  2,  104  cur,  inprohe,  carae  non  aliquid;  2, 
3,  200.  S.  2,  2,  33  laudas,  insane,  .  .  .  mullum ;  2,  3,  184 ;  2,  3, 
326 ;  2,  6,  29 ;  2,  7,  95.  E.  13,  12  invicte,  mortalis  dea  nate  puer 
Thetide.  C.  1,  27,  18  a  miser,  .  .  .  digne  puer;  S.  2,  3,  14.  S. 
2,  6,  5  Maia  nate.  S.  2,  7,  22  quo  pacto,  pessime.  C.  3,  25,  14 
O  Naiadum  potens.  S.  2,  3,  123  dis  inimice  senex.  S.  2,  3, 
160  '  cur,  Stoice '  dicam ;  2,  3,  300.    Epl.  1,  14,  1  vilice  silvarum. 

(/)  Ablative 

Epl.  2,  2,  194  discordet  parens  avaro.  Epl.  1,  4,  5  quidquid 
dignum  sapiente  honoque^^  est;  1,  16,  20.  Epl.  1,  17,  22  tu 
poscis  vilia,  verum  es  dante  minor.  S.  1,  2,  21  quern  miserum 
gnato  vixisse  fugato  inducit;  S.  2,  3,  203.  A.  P.  213  urbano 
confusus,  turpis  honesto.    C.  3,  30,  12  ex  humili  potens.    Epl. 

1,  7,  83  ex  nit'ido  fit  rusticus.  A.  P.  423  spondere  levi  pro 
paupere.    C.  2,  12,  27  poscente  .  .  .  eripi ;  Epl.  1,  17,  44. .  S. 

2,  5, 12  domino  sene;  2,  5,  82 ;  2,  5,  84.  C.  1,  29,  6  sponso  necato. 
A.  P.  213  rusticus  urhano  confusus,  turpis  honesto. 

The  following  comparatives  are  found  in  the  masculine 
singular : 

C.  1,  33,  3  cur  tibi  iunior  laesa  praeniteat  fide.  S.  1,  1,  113 
sic  festinanti  semper  locupletior  obstat.  S.  1,  7,  17  discedat 
pulcrior  ultro.  Epl.  1,  1,  48  melioH  credere  non  vis.  Epl. 
2,  1,  106  minori  dicere.  S.  2,  5,  76  ultro  Penelopam  facilis 
potiori  trade. 

There  are  four  superlatives:  C.  1,  7,  8  plurimus  .  .  .  aptum 
dicet  equis  Argos.  A.  P.  417  occupet  extremum  scabies.  S.  1, 
9,  4  quid  agis,  dulcissime  rerum.    S.  2,  7,  22  quo  pacto,  pessime. 

Of  the  instances  given  above  special  mention  should  be  made 
of  integer  and  purus,  which  are  used  substantively  in  a  rather 
bold  way,  since  the  genitives  mta£,  and  sceleris  are  used  to 
complete  their  meaning.  Likewise  plurimus,  C.  1,  7,  8  is 
nowhere  else  used  in  this  sense;  multus,  however,  is  occasion- 
ally used  with  this  meaning,  e.g.,  Lucan,  Pharsalia,  III.  707 
rmdtus  sua  volnera  puppi  affixit. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  Horace  furnishes  examples  of 
all  the  six  uses  mentioned  by  Nagelsbach  (see  p.  123) ;  there 

42  bonumque  K  tt. 


24 

are  besides  in  Horace  those:  (1)  that  express  physical,  mental 
and  moral  qualities,  e.  g.^  aeger^  cerebrosus,  aequus;  (2)  that 
denote  occupations,  e.g.,  consuUus,  rusticus,  vilicus;  (3)  that 
designate  a  definitive  idea,  e.g.,  iunior,  omnis;  (4)  that  are 
modified  by  an  adverb,  e.g.,  cf.  Epl.  1,  18,  80;  1,  6,  38;  S.  2, 
5,  42. 

4.  The  Masculine  Plural. 

According  to  Dietrich's  fundamental  remark,  says  Nagels- 
bach  (p.  119),  only  those  masculine  plural  adjectives  can  be 
substantivized  which  designate  a  class  of  individuals  who 
receive  their  character  from  the  quality  indicated  by  the 
adjective:  thus  militares  suggests  the  "warrior  class";  honi, 
the  "  conservatives  " ;  docti,  the  "  learned,"  etc. 

Later,  however,  it  was  shown  by  Wueseke  {op.  cit.,  p.  45  f.) 
that  substantivized  adjectives  of  the  masculine  and  feminine 
plural  do  not  of  necessity  refer  to  the  entire  class  of  individuals 
indicated  by  the  quality  of  the  adjective.  Accordingly 
Wueseke  distinguishes  three  uses:  (1)  they  refer  to  the  entire 
class  (totum  genus)  ;  (2)  they  refer  to  two  or  more  individuals 
{certae  ac  definitae  personae) ;  or  (3)  they  are  indefinite  {du- 
hiae  at  que  incertae). 

To  prove  his  point  Wueseke  cites  Plautus,  Bacch.  397  ilium 
laudabunt  honi,  where  it  is  quit^  apparent  that  honi  does  not 
mean  the  whole  class  of  good  men,  but  rather  any  good  men. 

Likewise,  pessumae,  Bacch.  1122,  clearly  refers  only  to  the 
two  Bacchides. 

Swan''^  adds  still  another  observation  in  this  connection. 
He  says :  "  it  should  also  be  noted  that  adjectives,  after  coming 
to  be  associated  with  a  class  of  individuals  sharing  the  quality 
designated  by  the  adjective,  may  undergo  a  shift  of  meaning, 
inasmuch  as  other  prominent  qualities  characteristic  of  that 
group  may  also  pass  into  association  with  the  given  substan- 
tivized adjective.  This  is  true,  for  example,  of  optimi,  'the 
aristocracy,'  which  becoming  associated  with  this  distinct  polit- 
ical party,  naturally  connoted  in  specific  instances  other  traits 
of  the  party  than  those  usually  implied  in  the  adjective 
optimus.''^ 

43  op.  cit.,  p.  196. 


26 

We  have  previously  stated  (see  p.  19)  that  up  to  the  present 
time  writers  on  substantivization  have  never  mentioned  the 
fact  that  some  substantive  adjectives  are  of  common  gender. 
Of  the  examples  given  below  about  80  per  cent,  seem  to  be  of 
common  gender.    The  following  is  an  undoubted  instance:  S. 

1,  1,  85  omnes  vicini  oderunt,  noti,  pueri  atque  puellae. 

Of  the  instances  of  the  masculine  plural  given  below  atten- 
tion should  be  called  to  cautos  in  S.  2,  6,  45,  because  it  is  modi- 
fied by  an  adverb. 

{a)  Nominative. 

S.  2,  2,  89  rancidum  aprum  antiqui  laudabant.  Epl.  1,  16, 
52  oderunt  peccare  honi.  Epl.  1,  18,  90  oderunt  hilarem  tristes 
tristemque  iocosi,  sedatum  celeres.  S.  1,  9,  27  est  tibi  mater, 
cognati.  Epl.  2,  1,  51  ut  critici  dicunt.  C.  4,  4,  29  fortes 
creantur  fortibus  et  bonis;  4,  9,  25.  Epl.  1,  18,  89  tristemque 
iocosi.  Epl.  1,  10,  3  at  cetera  paene  gemelli.  A.  P.  78  gram- 
matici  certant.  S.  2,  7,  5  maiores  voluerunt.  S.  1,  2,  2  mendici, 
mimae,  balatrones.  S.  1,  4,  75  sunt  midti.  S.  1,  1,  85  omnes 
vicini  oderunt,  noti.,  pueri  atque  puellae.  C.  1,  36,  17  omnes 
in  Damalin  putris  deponent  oculos;  E.  5,  57;  S.  1,  2,  46;  1,  6, 
46;  1,  7,  10;  2,  3,  32;  2,  3,  47;  2,  6,  49;  Epl.  2,  2,  58.  S.  1,  6, 
5  ut  flerique  solent.    S.  1,  6,  101  atque  salutandi  flures;  Epl. 

2,  1,  183.  Epl.  1,  18,  90  sedatum  celeres,  agilem  navomque 
remissi.  C.  2,  8,  22  metuont  .  .  .  te  senes  parci;  S.  1,  1,  31; 
Epl.  1,  1,  55.  Epl.  1,  2,  28  sponsi  Penelopae.  S.  1,  2,  24  dum 
vitant  stulti  vitia.  Epl.  1,  18,  89  oderunt  hilarem  tristes 
tristemque  iocosi.  S.  1,  1,  85  omnes  vicini  oderunt;  Epl.  1, 
14,  39. 

{!))    Genitive. 

C.  3,  10,  14  nee  tinctus  viola  pallor  amantium.  C.  4,  14,  29 
ut  harharomm  Claudius  agmina.  C.  2,  2,  18  numero  heatorum. 
Epl.  2,  2,  136  hie  ubi  cognatorum  opibus  curisque  refectus 
expulit  elleboro  morbum  bilemque  meraco.  C.  3,  11,  6  nunc  et 
divitum  mensis  et  amica  templis;  C.  3,  16,  23.  C.  3,  24,  46  quo 
clamor  vocat  et  turba  faventium.  C.  3,  6,  1  delicta  maiorum 
inmeritus  lues;  S.  2,  1,  61.  A.  P.  174  censorque  minoriim.  E. 
2,  2  ut  prisca  gens  mortalium.  S.  1,  9,  72  unus  multorum.  C. 
4,  9,  42  reiecit  alto  dona  nocentium  voltu.    C.  2,  3,  25  omnium 


26 

versatur  urna  .  .  .  sors.  C.  1,  4,  13  mors  aequo  piUsat  pede 
pauperum  tabernas ;  3,  29,  14 ;  E.  17,  47.  S.  1,  1,  111  neque  se 
maiori  paupenorum  turbae  conparet.  C.  2,  13,  23  sedesque  dis- 
criptas  piorum.  C.  4,  3,  22  qoiid  monstror  digito  praetereun- 
tium  Romanae  fidicen  lyrae.  Epl.  2,  2,  204  re  extremi  prim- 
orum.  A.  P.  341  centuriae  seniorum.  C.  1,  28,  19  mixta  senum 
ac  invenum  densentur  funera ;  S.  2,  5,  24.  Epl.  1,  16,  24  stult- 
orum  incurata  piidor.  C.  2,  5,  12  veterumque  norma;  S.  2,  7, 
101.    S.  1,  10,  42  garrire  libellos  unus  vivorum. 

(c)  Dative. 

Epl.  1,  15,  7  invidus  aegris.  S.  2,  3,  82  danda  est  .  .  .  pars 
maxima  avaris.  C.  1,  24,  9  multis  ille  bonis  flebilis  occidit; 
Epl.  1,  12,  24 ;  A.  P.  196.  C.  4,  6,  17  sed  palam  captis  gravis. 
Epl.  2,  2,  159  si  credis  consultis.  S.  1, 5, 49  pila  lippis  inimiciim 
et  ludere  crudis.  C.  3,  5,  30  curat  reponi  deteriorihus.  Epl.  1, 
7,  22  vir  bonus  et  sapiens  dignis  ait  esse  paratus.  S.  1,  7,  16 
si  disparihus  bellum  incidat.  S.  1,  6,  114  adsisto  divinis.  C. 
3,  29,  13  plerumque  gratae  divitihus  vices;  Epl.  1,  17,  9.  Epl. 
1,  1,  63  quae  regnum  recte  facientibus  offert.  A.  P.  101  ita 
fientihus  adflent  humani  voltus.  S.  1,  1,  83  reddat  gnatis 
carisque  propinguis;  2,  3,  169.  S.  1,  6,  16  qui  stultus  honores 
saepe  dat  indignis.  Epl.  1,  18,  86  dulcis  inexpertis  cultura 
potentis  amici.  S.  2,  2,  107  O  magnus  posthac  inimicis  risus. 
Epl.  2,  1,  151  fuit  intactis  quoque  cura.  C.  2,  8,  21  te  suis 
matres  metuont  iuvencis.  S.  1,  5,  49  lippis  inimicum;  1,  7,  3. 
Epl.  1,  1,  25  prodest  locupletihus  aeque.  Epl.  2,  2,  71  nihil  ut 
meditantihus  obstet.  S.  2,  5,  19  certans  .  .  .  meliorihus;  Epl. 
1,  2,  68.  Epl.  2,  1,  84  parere  minorihus.  A.  P.  201  redeat 
miseris.  C.  1,  3,  37  nil  mortalihus  ardui  est;  S.  1,  9,  60.  Epl. 
1, 1,  80  multis  occulto  crescit  res  faenore.  C.  1,  28,  31  inmeritis 
.  .  .  natis.  S.  1,  4,  91  tibi  .  .  .  infesto  nigris.  C.  2,  14,  9  unda, 
scilicet  omnibus  .  .  .  enaviganda ;  C.  3,  4,  13.  A.  P.  159  gestit 
paHbus  conludere.  S.  2,  3,  120  insanus  paucis  videatur;  Epl. 
1,  20,  4.  Epl.  1,  1,  25  quod  aeque  pauperihus,  prodest 
locupletibus  aeque.  Epl.  2,  2,  213  decede  peritis.  E.  16,  66 
piis  secunda  .  .  .  datur  fuga.  C.  3,  24,  30  clarus  postgenitis. 
S.  1,  5,  6  iter  .  .  .  ,  altius  ac  nos  praecinctis  unum.  Epl.  1,  20, 
23  me  primis  urbis  belli  placuisse  domique.    C.  2,  15,  15  nulla 


27 

decempedis  metata  privatis  opacam  porticus  excipiebat  Arcton. 
S.  1,  1,  83  reddat  gnatis  carisque  propinquis.  A.  P.  101  ut 
ridentihus  adrident.  Epl.  1,  1,  26  pueris  senibusqiie  nocebit. 
Epl.  1,  19,  9  adimam  cantare  severis.  C.  1,  18,  3  siccis  omnia 
nam  dura  dens  proposuit;  Epl.  1,  19,  9.  S.  1,  3,  77  cetera  item 
neqiieunt  stultis  haerentia.  A.  P.  201  abeat  Fortuna  superhis. 
C.  3,  10,  16  supplicibus  tuis  parcas.  S.  1,  5,  6  minus  est  gravis 
Appia  tardis;  2,  6,  28.  Epl.  1,  15,  33  ubi  nequitiae  fautoribus 
et  timidis  nil  aut  paulum  abstulerat. 

{d)  Accusative. 

E.  1,  18  qui  maior  absentis  habet.  S.  1,  3,  53  acris  inter 
numeretur.  S.  1,  4,  126  avidos  vicinum  funus  ut  aegros 
exanimat.  C.  1,  8,  6  neque  militaris  inter  aequalis  equitet;  E. 
12,  23.  S.  2,  6,  45  parum  cautos  iam  frigora  mordent.  S.  2,  8. 
13  quodque  posset  cenantis  offendere.  C.  1,  35,  15  neu  populus 
frequens  .  .  .  cessantis  '  ad  arma '  concitet.  S.  1,  1,  88  at  si 
cognatos  .  .  .  retinere  velis  .  .  .  amicos;  2,  3,  316.  S.  1,  4,  87 
aspergere  cunctos.  S.  1,  6,  51  cautum  dignos  adsumere.  Epl. 
1,  18,  96  percontabere  doctos.  S.  1,  6,  6  naso  suspendis  ad- 
unco  ignotos;  1,  6,  24.  C.  3,  1,  15  Necessitas  sortitur  insignis 
et  imos.  S.  1,4,  76  inanis  hoc  iuvat.  S.  1, 7, 15  duo  si  discordia 
vexet  inertis.  Epl.  1,  7,  21  haec  seges  ingratos^*  tulit.  C.  3, 
27,  1  inpios  parrae  recinentis  omen  ducat.  S.  2,  3,  40  insanos 
qui  inter  vereare  insanus  haberi.  C.  3,  1,  15  Necessitas  sortitur 
insigiiis  et  imos.  A.  P.  197  regat  iratos.  S.  2,  3,  308  longos 
imitaris.  S.  1,  9,  33  loquacis,  si  sapiat,  vitet.  Epl.  2,  1,  106 
maiores  audire.  E.  6,  11  in  malos  asperrimus.  S.  1, 6,  37  omnis 
mortalis  curare  .  .  .  cogit.  E.  17,  79  possim  crematos  excitare 
TTiortuos.  C.  1,  1,  23  multos  castra  iuvant.  C.  2,  18,  28 
sordidosque  natos;  3,  5,  42;  4,  4,  55.  C.  1,  12,  46  micat  inter 
omnis  lulium  sidus;  C.  1,  28,  15;  S.  1,  4,  36;  1,  5,  76;  2,  3,  81; 
A.  P.  265.  S.  2,  3,  49  palantis  error  .  .  .  pellit.  S.  2,  3,  149 
accedere  plures.  S.  2,  1,  69  prhnores  populi  arripuit.  C.  3,  5, 
51  dimovit  obstantis  propinquos^^ ;  S.  2,  3,  218.  S.  1,  3,  83  inter 
sanos  dicatur.  Epl.  1,  1,  79  excipiantque  senes.  C.  3,  11,  31 
sponsos  .  .  .  perdere.    S.  2,  1,  50  suspectos  terreat.    A.  P.  197 

44  ingratis  F  X  L 

45  amicos  #  ex  v.  47. 


28 


amet  pacare  timentis.*^    S.  1,  5,  12  trecentos  inseris.     S.  2,  2 
97  adde  iratum  patruom,  vicinos. 


(e)    Vocative. 

S.  2, 2, 1  quae  virtus  et  quanta,  honi,'^''  sit  vivere  parvo.  Epl. 
1,  17,  61  crudeles,  tollite  claudum.  C.  1,  21,  10  vos  .  .  .  mares. 
C.  2,  19,  2  credite,  posteri;  E.  9,  11.  S.  1,  10,  21  O  seri 
studiorum. 

(/)   Ablative. 

S.  1,  4,  117  si  traditum  ab  antiquis  morem.  C.  4,  4,  29  fortes 
creantur  fortibus  et  bonis.  S.  2,  3,  58  cum  cognatis.  Epl.  2,  2, 
204  extremis  usque  priores.  C.  4,  4,  29  fortes  creantur  fortibus 
et  bonis.  S.  1,  6,  24  non  minus  ignotos  generosis.  S.  2,  2,  115 
cum  pecore  et  gnat'is;  2,  5,  28.  S.  2,  1,  76  me  cum  magnis 
vixisse.  S.  1,  5,  55  ab  his  maioribus  orti;  1,  6,  10;  Epl.  1,  17,  2. 
S.  2,  8,  40  secutis  omnibus.  S.  1,  10,  55  de  se  loquitur  non  ut 
maiore  reprensis. 

The  following  instances  of  the  comparative  are  found  in  the 
masculine  plural: 

S.  2,  7,  5  maiores  voluerunt.  S.  1,  6,  101  atque  salutandi 
plures;  Epl.  2,  1,  183.  C.  3,  6,  1  delicta  maiorum  inmeritus 
lues;  S.  2,  1,  61.  A.  P.  174  censorque  minorum.  S.  1,  1,  111 
neque  se  maiori  pauperiorum  turbae  conparet.  A.  P.  341 
centuriae  seniorum  agitant.  C.  3,  5, 30  curat  reponi  deterioribus. 
S.  2,  5,  19  certans  semper  melioribus;  Epl.  1,  2,  68.  Epl.  2,  1, 
84  putant  parere  7ninoribus.  Epl.  2,  1,  106  maiores  audire. 
S.  2, 3, 149  accedere  plures.    S.  2, 1, 69  primores  populi  arripuit. 

S.  1,  5,  55  ab  his  maioribus  orti  ad  pugnam  venere ;  1,  6,  10 ; 
Epl.  1,  17,  2. 

There  is  only  one  superlative :  Epl.  2,  2,  204  extremis  usque 
priores. 

The  masculine  plurals  in  Horace  designate:  (1)  nationality, 
e.g.,  Achivi,  Romani;  (2)  a  quality  of  the  object,  — physical, 
mental  or  moral,  e.g..,  fortes,  celeres,  boni;  (3)  a  calling,  e.g., 
consulti,  grammatici;  (4)  relationship,  e.g.,  antiqui,  cognati, 
noti;  (5)  an  indefinite  idea,  e.g.,  multi,  omnes,  plerique. 

Adjectives  of  the  feminine  gender  are  rarely  used  substan- 

46tuineiites  s. 
47  bonis  Is. 


29 

tively  in  Horace  or  in  any  other  writer.  In  fact  women  are 
relatively  seldom  mentioned  in  Latin  literature,  nor  are  the 
qualities  of  women  often  dwelt  upon.  The  grammarians  do 
not  even  honor  substantive  adjectives  of  this  gender  with  a 
separate  classification.  The  examples  in  Horace  are  the  fol- 
lowing : 

5.  The  Femixine  Singular. 

(a)  Nominative. 

C.  3,  19,  24  vicina  seni  non  habilis  Lyco. 

( 6 )    Genitive. 
C.  2,  5,  2  nondum  munia  conparis  aequare. 

(c)  Dative. 

S.  2,  3,  215  huic  vestem  ut  gnatae,  paret  ancillas,  parefc 
aurum.  C.  4,  2,  21  flebili  sponsae  iuvenemve  raptum;  Epl. 
1,  19,  31. 

{d)  Accusative. 

S.  2,  3,  219  siquis  gnatam  pro  muta  devovet  agna ;  2,  3,  199. 
S.  1,  2,  30  contra  alius  nullani  nisi  olenti  in  fomice  stantem. 
E.  5,  66  novam  .  .  .  nuptam  abstulit.  E.  15,  14  quaeret  iratus 
parem.    C.  3,  15,  16  te  .  .  .  non  decent .  .  .  vetulam*^  .  .  .  cadi. 

6.  The  Feminine  Plural. 

(a)   Genitive. 

S.  1,  2,  48  quanto  merx  est  in  classe  secunda,  lihertinarnm 
dico.  C.  3,  12,  1  miserarum  est  neque  amori  dare.  S.  1,  4,  27 
hie  nupfarum  insanit  amoribus. 

(5)  Accusative. 

E.  5,  84  moUibus  lenire  verbis  inpias. 

There  are  no  instances  of  comparatives  or  superlatives  in  the 
feminine  singular  or  plural. 

The  adjectives  of  the  feminine  may  denote:  (1)  relationship, 
e.g.,  gnata,  nata,  sponsa;  (2)  a  class,  e.g.,  libertina,  inpia;  (3) 
a  quality  of  the  object,  e.g.,  misera. 

48vetula  A  B  E  *  Ps.  Porph. 


CLASS  B. 

Since  the  publication  of  Ott's  paper,  substantive  adjectives 
have  been  rather  sharply  divided  into  two  classes.  Our  hand- 
books on  Latin  grammar  have  meagre  information  on  the 
second  method  of  substantivization,  yet  they  all  make  mention 
of  it.  According  to  Ott  {op.  cit.,  p.  2),  the  process  is  external, 
not  arising  from  the  "  elements  "  of  the  adjective,  but  being 
due  to  the  disappearance  of  a  general  substantive  term,  which 
term  is  related  to  the  adjective  term  as  the  genus  is  related  to 
the  species ;  this  generic  term,  he  says,  is  concrete  in  the  large 
majority  of  cases. 

Rolfe^  and  later  Meader^  have  pointed  out  the  error  in  fol- 
lowing too  closely  Ott's  interpretation.  Meader  very  aptly 
says:  "This  division  of  substantivized  adjectives  into  two 
classes,  while  it  is  in  some  respects  convenient  for  the  purpose 
of  systematic  classification  and  description,  has  been  rather  too 
sharply  drawn  heretofore,  and  has  tended  to  obscure  at  least 
partially  the  real  nature  of  the  processes  involved  in  the 
change.  In  the  first  place  we  should  never  lose  sight  of  the 
fact,  that  the  grammatical  function  of  a  word  is  only  one  of 
the  many  elements  or  groups  of  elements  of  thought  and  feel- 
ing that  constitute  the  complex  meaning  it  bears  in  any  given 
sentence  in  which  it  may  occur.  For  example,  in  handling  the 
problem  now  before  us,  we  should  distinguish  carefully  between 
the  iDrocesses  involved  in  the  shift  of  grammatical  category 
(from  adjective  to  substantive)  on  the  one  hand  and  those  in- 
volved in  a  change  of  what  is  ordinarily  called  the  '  meaning ' 
of  a  word  on  the  other." 

The  point  just  made,  namely,  that,  where  there  is  an  ellipsis 
of  a  substantive,  the  adjective  receives  its  meaning  not  wholly 
from  the  omitted  substantive  but  from  the  sentence  as  a  whole, 
or  from  the  general  context,  may  be  illustrated  by  the  follow- 
ing passages  in  Horace:  C.  2,  15,  9  tum  spissa  ramis  laurea 

1  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Assoc,  vol.  30,  p.  6. 

2  University  of  Michigan  Studies,  vol.  3,  pp.  182  ff. 

30 


31 

pervidos  excludet  ictus,  and  4,  2,  9  laurea  donandus  Apollinari. 
In  the  first  passage  it  is  clear  that  the  elided  word  is  arbor, 
while  in  the  second  reference  it  is  evident  that  corona  must  be 
supplied;  hence  the  meaning  of  laurea  is  determined  by  the 
general  meaning  of  each  of  these  two  sentences. 

The  question  is  often  asked  when  an  adjective  of  this  class 
is  to  be  regarded  as  having  completely  become  a  substantive. 
The  answer  is  not  readily  given;  for  in  the  same  writer  we 
find  adjective  plus  substantive  in  one  passage,  and  the  same 
adjective  with  ellipsis  of  the  substantive  in  another.  PauP 
says  in  this  connection :  "  Sobald  nun  die  Unterstiitzung  durch 
die  Situation  fiir  das  Verstandniss  entbehrlich  ist,  so  ist  auch 
das  Wort  nicht  mehr  als  ein  Adjectiv  zu  betrachten,  sondern 
als  ein  wirkliches  Substantivum,  und  es  kann  dann  von  einer 
Ellipse  in  keinem  Sinne  mehr  die  Rede  sein." 

I  have  given  all  the  references  in  Horace  to  each  instance 
in  which  the  substantive  has  been  retained  with  adjectives  of 
this  class  and  have  made  such  deductions  as  seemed  fitting. 

Another  difficulty  is  to  determine  what  substantive  was 
omitted  with  words  formed  by  suffixes  in  -ale  {-al),  -are  {-ar), 
-ile,  -inum,  -anum,  -arium,  -orium.  The  substantivizing  of  most 
words  of  this  kind  is  probably  as  old  as  the  objects  they  denote. 
In  other  words  they  become  substantives  in  prehistoric  times, 
the  masculine  and  feminine  forms  of  these  supposed  adjectives 
having  disappeared  entirely.*  It  should  be  remembered,  more- 
over, that  some  of  these  suffixes  were  used  in  the  formation  of 
real  substantives. 

Again  in  regard  to  neuter  plurals  like  ama,  ardua,  summa, 
ahrtipta,  etc.,  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  their  classi- 
fication. Drager^  supplies  loca  and  I  have  followed  his  clas- 
sification. 

Geographical  adjectives  used  substantively  are  treated  fully 
by  Rolfe.*'  He  shows  that  from  an  historical  point  of  view 
ellipsis  is  more  frequent  in  late  Latin,  especially  in  poetry; 

3  Prinzipien  der  Spraclig-escliichte,  p.  298  f. 

4  See  Skiitsch,  Archiv  fiir  lat.  Lex.  u.  Gr.,  XV,  pp.  34  S. 

5  op.  cit.,  p.  50. 

oT.  A.  P.  A.,  vol.  31  (1900),  p.  12 


32 

that  in  the  case  of  rivers,  lakes,  islands,  mountains,  and  the 
like,  we  have  substantives  rather  than  adjectives;  that  in  com- 
binations like  Rhenus  flumen,  Rhodanus  flumen,  Rhenus  and 
Rhodanus  are  nouns  in  apposition  with  flumen,  although  they 
may  have  been  adjectives  originally. 

Care  must  be  taken  in  this  connection  to  note  the  airo  kolvov 
construction.  All  instances  should  be,  and  have  been,  excluded 
in  which  the  ellipsis  may  be  supplied  by  a  word  in  the  same 
sentence,  or  from  a  sentence  near  at  hand;  likewise,  when  al- 
most an  entire  poem  has  been  devoted  to  a  special  subject, 
many  of  the  adjectives  receive  their  meanings  from  an  ellipsis 
that  runs  through  all  of  it.  For  example  in  the  Ars  Poetica, 
which  is  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  poetic  composition,  in  lines 
44-72  the  proper  arrangement  and  choice  of  words  is  described 
and  verba,  1.  46,  is  to  be  supplied  with  several  adjectives. 

Similarly  in  S.  2,  6,  80-117,  there  is  a  dialogue  between  the 
country  mouse  and  the  city  mouse.  While  grammatically  the 
word  mus,  1.  80,  might  be  understood  with  the  adjectives  iir- 
hanus,  agrestem  and  rusticus  in  the  following  lines,  yet  such 
an  interpretation  seems  too  prosaic  and  I  have  consequently 
listed  these  adjectives  under  class  A. 

The  substantive  adjectives  of  this  class  in  Horace  have  been 
divided  into  three  groups.  In  the  first  group  are  those  words 
which  are  originally  adjectives,  but  are  now  used  only  as  "  true 
substantives,"  their  original  use  having  been  completely  for- 
gotten. The  second  group,  by  far  the  largest,  contains  the 
words  that  are  still  occasionally  used  as  adjectives,  so  that 
the  omitted  word  can  usually  be  conjectured  without  the  aid 
of  the  immediate  context.  The  third  division  comprises  those 
instances  in  which  the  omitted  substantive  can  be  determined 
only  by  the  immediate  context. 

Group  1.    True  Substantives. 

The  words  of  this  group  seem  to  have  been  adjectives  orig- 
inally, but  even  in  the  earliest  extant  Latin  they  were  used  as 
true  substantives.  Of  the  words  given  below,  Rolfe,  Trans. 
Amer.  Phil.  Assoc,  vol  30  (1899),  p.  8,  shows  by  citations 
from  Pliny  and  Horace  that  the  original  adjective  use  of  creta 
had  been  completely  forgotten. 


33 

Both  as  to  the  derivation  and  meaning  of  satura  there  has 
been  much  difference  of  opinion.  The  native  (Eoman)  gram- 
marians^ state  that  the  adjective  satur  is  the  only  adjective  in 
-ur  of  the  o  declension  in  the  Latin  language  implying  an 
ellipsis  of  fahula.  Livy  VII.  2.  4  ff.  explains  the  noun  satura 
as  applying  to  one  of  the  early  forms  of  the  native  Italian 
drama.  But  Ullman,  Class.  Phil.  8  (1913),  172  ff.,  more  cor- 
rectly explains  it  as  a  neuter  plural  substantive  adjective,  which 
later  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  collective  feminine  singular. 

Likewise  Lacon  (sc.  canis),  E.  6,  5,  seems  originally  to  have 
been  an  adjective  whose  feminine  is  Lacaena :  cf .  Aokwv,  -wvo? 
and  AoKatm  in  Greek  and  in  the  following  passages  in  Horace : 
C.  2,  6,  11  Laconi  .  .  .  Phalantho;  4,  9,  16  Helene  Lacaena. 

The  following  are  the  instances  of  this  group,  the  italicized 
word  at  the  head  of  each  group  being  the  elided  substantive. 

canis. 
Lacon^  E.  6,  5. 

dies. 

hruma  C.  2,  6,  18;  4,  7,  12;  S.  2,  6,  25;  Epl.  1,  7,  10;  1,  11,  19. 
Idus  E.  2,  69;  S.  1,  6,  75.    Cf.  Idus  tibi  sunt  agendae,  qui  dies 

mensem  .  .  .  findit  Aprilem,  C.  4,  11,  14. 
Kalendae  C.  3,  8,  1;  E.  2,  70;  S.  1,  3,  87. 

frumentum. 
diarium^  Epl.  1, 14,  40. 

opus, 
ftisanarium}^  S.  2,  3,  155. 

terra, 
creta^.  12,  10;  S.  2,3,246. 

ruhrica  S.  2,  7,  98.     Cf.  buceas  rubrica,  creta  omne  corpus 
intinxti  tibi ;  Plant.  True.  294. 

7  See  Charisius  in  Keil's  Gramm.  Lat.,  I.  183.  7. 

8  Laco  ABC. 

9  cibaria  Ki  Goth.  s. 

10  tisanarium  (tys-  *  ex.  Vat.)  a  D  E  *  (ex.  Vatic). 


34 

via. 
salelra  Epl.  1,  17,  53. 

vitis  {?). 
vinea  C.  3,  1,  29 ;  E.  16,  44;  S.  2,  4,  43. 

Group  2.    Semi- Substantives. 

This  group  contains  those  substantivized  adjectives  whose 
omitted  substantive  has  been  forgotten  to  such  an  extent  that 
they  may  almost  be  regarded  as  true  substantives.  The  omitted 
word  can  for  the  most  part  readily  be  supplied  without  the  aid 
of  the  immediate  context. 

The  number  of  instances  in  Horace  in  which  the  substan- 
tive is  still  retained  with  the  adjective  is  almost  negligible, 
there  being  only  twenty- three  (23)  in  the  entire  group.  As 
to  specific  instances,  superi  (sc.  dei)  and  natalis  (sc.  dies)  are 
almost  wholly  used  as  adjectives. 

The  following  words  are  used  once  with  a  substantive  and 
once  without:  togata  (sc.  ancilla),  Molossus  (sc.  canis),  quarta 
(sc.  hora),  secunda  (sc.  hora)^  Aegaeum  (sc.  mare),  sextilis 
(sc.  mensis),  secunda  (sc.  pars),  praesens  (sc.  tempus),  secreta 
(sc.  loca). 

The  adjectives  in  Horace  denoting  the  various  kinds  of  wine 
have  almost  universally  become  complete  substantives,  with 
the  exception  of  Chiumn  and  Caecubum,  which  are  still  used  as 
adjectives.    Examples : 

adytum, 
penetrale  C.  2, 13,  6 ;  4,  4,  26 ;  Epl.  2,  2,  114. 

a£s. 

viaticum  Epl.  1,  17,  54 ;  2,  2,  26. 

aetas. 
senecta  C.  1,  31, 19;  2,  6,  6;  2,  14,  3;  Epl.  2,  2,  211. 


35 

alimentum. 

cibarium  S.  1,  1,  32.    Cf.  mihi  rem  summam  credidit  cibariam, 

Plaut.  Capt.  901. 
fulmentarium  S.  2,  2,  20.    Cf.  pulmentari  cibo,  Plin.  18,  118. 
volgarium  S.  2,  2,  38.    Cf.  vulgariis  proverbiis,  Arnob.  6,  9. 

amnis. 
Aufidus  C.  3,  30,  10;  4,  9,  2;  4,  14,  25;  S.  1,  1,  58. 

ancilla,  or  meretrix. 
togata  S.  1,  2,  82.    Cf.  ancilla  .  . .  togata,  S.  1,  2,  63. 

aqua, 
gelida  S.  2,  7,  91. 

arbor, 
laurea  C.  2,  15,  9. 

avis. 

ales  C.  1,  6,  2;  2,  20,  10;  2,  20,  16;  3,  3,  61;  3,  4,  78;  4,  4,  1;  4, 

6,  24;  E.  5,  100;  10,  1;  16,  24;  17,  12;  17,  67. 
altilis  Epl.  1,  7,  35. 
aquila  C.  4,  4,  32 ;  S.  1,  3,  27. 
volucris  S.  1,  5,  6. 

hestia  (helua). 

caprea  C.  1,  33,  8;  3,  15,  12;  4,  4,  13;  E.  12,  26;  S.  2,  4,  43. 
fera  C.  3,  3,  41;  E.  5,  55;  6,  8;  16, 10;  S.  1,  3,  109;  1,  8,  17. 

has,  see  vacca. 

invencus  C.  3,  27,  45;  4,  4,  30;  E.  1,  25;  17,  39. 
mugiens  E.  2,  11. 

arduom  C.  2,  19,  21. 
purum  C.  1,  34,  7. 

cams. 
Molossus  E.  6,  5.    Cf.  Molossis  .  .  .  canibus,  S.  2,  6,  114. 


36 

caro. 
agnina}'^  Epl.  1,  15,  35. 

certamen. 
Olympium  Epl.  1,  1,  50.    Cf .  Gk.  'OXvinrui  (sc.  Ux/oa) ,  Hdt.  8,  26 ; 

'OAv/ATTioKos  dyctfv  ThuC.  1,  6. 

Pythium  Epl.  2,  3,  414. 

corona, 
laurea  C.  2,  15,  9;  4,  2,  9.    Cf.  laurea  corona,  Liv.  23,  11. 

deus,  dea. 
alma  C.  3,  4,  42. 
Aquarius  S.  1,  1,  36.    Cf.  vas  aquarium,  Varr.  L.  L.  5,  25;  rota 

aquaria,  Cato,  R.  R.  11. 
caeles  E.  16,  56. 
Cynthia  C.  3,  28,  12. 
Cynthius  C.  1,  21,  2. 
Cytherea  C.  3,  12,  4. 
Erycina  C.  1,  2,  33. 
£'wA«MS  C.  1,  18,  9 ;  2,  11,  17. 
Genitalis^-'  C.  S.  16. 
Lenaeus  C.  3,  25,  19.    Cf.  Lenaeus  pater  C.  I.  L.  VIII,  4681; 

Lenaea  dona,  Stat.  Silv.  4,  6,  80. 
Lucina  C.  S.  15 ;  E.  5,  6. 
superus  C.  1,  6,  16.    Cf .  dis  superis,  C.  1,  1,  30 ;  superis  deorum 

gratus  et  imis,  C.  1,  10,  19;  di  superi,  C.  4,  7,  18;  Epl.  2,  1, 
138. 

dies. 

natalis  Epl.  2,  2,  210.  Cf.  qui  dies  .  .  .  sanctiorque  paene  natali 
proprio,  C.  4,  11,  18;  ille  repotia,  natalis  aliosve  dierum 
festos  albatus  celebret,  S.  2,  2,  60. 

domus. 
regia  C.  1,  37,  25;  2,  18,  6;  Epl.  1,  11,  2. 

11  agnini  A  \  s. 

12  Genetyllis,  Bentley. 


37 

donatio. 

adorea  C.  4,  4,  41.     Cf.   adorea  liba  per  herbam  subiciunt 
epulis,  Verg  A.  7,  109. 

draco. 

serpens  C.  1,  37,  27;  3,  27,  5;  E.  1,  20;  3,  14;  S.  1,  3,  27;  1,  8,  34; 

2,  8,  95;  A.  P.  13.    Cf.  serpens  draco.  Suet.  Tib.  72,  2. 

epulum. 
unctum  Epl.  1,  17,  12;  A.  P.  422. 

fdbula. 
pra£texta  A.  P.  288. 
togata  A.  P.  288. 

facinus. 
nefastum  C.  1,  35,  35. 

fehris. 
quartana  S.  2,  3,  290. 

ferramentum. 
fabrlle  Epl.  2,  1,  116. 

feriae. 
Latinae  Epl.  1,  7,  76. 

festum  (tempus). 
sacrum}^  E.  17,  57. 
Saturnale  S.  2,  3,  5. 

fundus. 

An  estate  in  a  given  territory  is  often  expressed  by  the  plural 
of  the  name  of  the  people  living  there.    In  C.  2,  18,  14  and 

3,  4,  22  we  find  Sabini  for  Sabini  fundi.    Cf.  Tuscos  meos, 
Plin.  Ep.  V.  6.  1 ;  veteres  Marsi  tui,  id.  2,  15,  1. 

hora. 

nona  Epl.  1,  7,  71. 

quarta  S.  1,  6,  122;  Cf.  quarta  vix  demum  exponimur  hora,  S. 

1,  5,  23. 

IS  sacra  ^. 


38 

quota  C.  3,  19,  7.    Cf.  hora  quota  est,  S.  2,  6,  44. 
secunda  S.  2,  6,  34. 

hospitium. 

deversorium^*  Epl.  1,  15,  10.     Cf.  deversoria  taberna,  Plaut. 
True.  697. 

liher  {libri). 
fastus  C.  3, 17,  4^5 ;  4, 13, 15 ;  4, 14,  4^6  ^  g,  i^  3^  112 ;  Epl.  2, 1,  48. 

locus  {loco), 
aliena  Epl.  1,  19,  22. 
apertus  C.  3,  12,  10. 
artus  A.  P.  134. 

Oavus  S.  2,  3,  173;  2,  6,  81;  2,  6,  116;  Epl.  1,  7,  33. 
cJt^Zz^a^^  Epl.  1,  12,  13. 
'imus  S.  2,  4,  57;  Epl.  1, 18,  35;  A.  P.  378. 
inania  A.  P.  230. 
nuhila  C.  1,  7,  15;  1,  34,  6. 
pascua  C.  3,  16,  36 ;  4,  4, 13 ;  E.  1,  28. 
praescriptus  C.  2,  9,  23. 

secreta  S.  2,  1,  71.    Cf.  secreta  petit  loca,  A.  P.  298. 
unus  S.  2,  3,  104. 
vacuus  S.  2, 1,  37;  2,  5,  50;  Epl.  1,  19,  21. 

lumen. 

funale  C.  3,  26,  7.    Cf.  noctem  flammis  funalia  vincunt,  Verg, 
A.  1,  727. 

maga. 
Colchis  E.  16,  58. 

manus. 

dextera  C.  1,  2,  3 ;  3, 19,  21 ;  E.  7,  1^« ;  S.  2, 1,  54. 

<?e«^m  C.  2,  17,  29;  3,  3,  52;  4,  4,  21;  E.  7,  10;  S.  1,  8,  4;  Epl. 

14  diversoria  E  E  *,  deversoria  A  Bland. 

15  fastus  E  '!>. 

16  fastus  ABE*. 

17  See  Drager,  I,  p.  50. 

18  dextris  A  B  C  S^ 


39 

1,6,51;  1,7,94;  2,  1,205. 
laeva  S.  2,  7,  9 ;  Epl.  2,  1,  205i8. 

mare. 

Aegaeum  C.  2,  16,  2.    Cf.  Trans  Aegaeum  mare,  Epl.  1,  11,  16. 
altum  C.  2,  10,  1;  3,  1,  34;  S.  2,  2,  31;  Epl.  1,  11,  15;  1,  18,  87. 
'profundum  C.  4,  4,  65.    Cf.  qui  profundum  Danuvium  bibunt, 
C.  4,  15,  21. 

mensis. 

December  E.  11,  5;  Epl.  1,  20,  27. 

Sextilis  Epl.  1,  7,  2.    Cf.  Sextili  mense,  Epl.  1,  11,  19. 

centena  S.  1,  3,  15. 

mons. 

Algidus  C.  1,  21,  6;  3,  23,  9;  4,  4,  58;  C.  S.  69. 
Appenninus  E.  16,  29. 
Aventinvs  C.  S.  69;  Epl.  2,  2,  69. 
Esquilius  S.  1,  8,  14 ;  2,  6,  33. 
Lycaeus  C.  1,  17,  2. 

lethargus  S.  2,  3,  145. 

veternus  Epl.  1,  8,  10.    Cf.  veterna  atque  scabiosa  made,  Apul. 
Met.  9,  13. 

navis. 

Lihurna^^  C.  1,  37,  30;  E.  1,  1. 
triremis  C.  3,  1,  39 ;  Epl.  1,  1,  93. 

oculus. 
limus  S.  2,  5,  53. 

ostium, 
posticum  Epl.  1,  5,  31. 

oms. 
Udens  C.  3,  23,  14. 

19  1  (a)  euae  a  E ;  1(a)  eua  R  $  ex  Ps.  Porph,  p.  386,  1. 

20  r.  A.  P.  A.  42   (1911)),  pp.  69  ff. 

21  See  A.  L.  L.,  IX,  p.  285  fE. 


40 

partes. 

seeundae  S.  1,  9,  46.  Cf.  partis  mimum  tractare  secundas,  Epl. 
1,  18,  14. 

pater, 
conscriptus  A.  P.  314. 

praedium. 

cetarmm  S.  2,  5,  44.     Cf.  ludi  cetarii,  Tac.  Ann.  16,  21  ed. 

Nipperd. 
pomarium  C.  1,  7,  14.    Cf.  pomarium  seminarium,  Cato,  Agr. 

48,1. 
violare  C.  2,  15,  5.    Cf.  Fabrett.  inscr.  p.  724.  No.  443. 
vivarium  Epl.  1,  1,  79. 

preces. 
dirae  E.  5,  89. 

pretium. 

inpensum  S.  2,  3,  245 ;  Epl.  1,  19,  38. 

magnum  S.  2,  4,  93 ;  2,  5,  79.    Cf.  magno  .  .  .  pretio,  S.  1,  2,  121. 

parvum  S.  2,  3,  156;  2,  7,  106. 

quantum  S.  2,  3,  156  two  exx. 

tantum  A.  P.  304. 

plus^  pluris  is  always  a  noun  in  the  singular,  and  is  wrongly 
listed  as  a  substantive  adjective  by  Lowther-^  under  class  B 
and  by  Swan^^  under  class  A.  Lowther,  no  doubt,  reasoned 
that  pluris  followed  the  analogy  of  tanti,  quanti,  parvi, 
magni,  minoris,  minimi,  plurimi,  maximi,  all  of  which  are 
used  substantively  to  denote  indefinite  value  through  the 
omission  of  preti  (price),  or  some  kindred  word. 

res. 

summa  C.  1,  4,  15;  4,  7,  17^*;  S.  1,  4,  32;  2,  3,  84;  2,  3,  90;  2,  3, 
124;  Epl.  1,  1,  106;  A.  P.  34;  384. 

sacrificium  (sacrum). 

cruentus  S.  2,  3,  223. 
22  op.  cit.,  p.  13. 
23op.  cif.,p.  193. 
2*  vitae  5  tt  Bland. 


41 


secuns. 
hipennis  C.  4,  4,  57. 

servus  {servo). 

fugitivos  S.  2,  5,  16;  2,  7,  113;  Epl.  1,  10,  10. 

venalis  S.  1,  1,  47. 

vema  E.  2,  65;  S.  1,  2,  117;  2,  6,  66;  Epl.  2,  2,  6. 

signum. 

classicum  E.  2,  5. 

sol. 

occidens  E.  1,  13. 

solum.    Cf.  «^er. 

ar^ws  C.  3,  3,  48;  3,  4,  15;  3,  5,  23;  3,  29,  7;  E.  16,  41  and  42; 
Epl.  1,  7,  77;  1, 14,  27;  1,  16,  2;  2,  2, 167. 

stdbulum. 
ow?eC.  4,4,  9;E.  16,51. 

sfirps,  cf.  lignum. 

truncus  C.  2,  17,  27 ;  2, 19, 11 ;  3,  4,  55 ;  S.  1,  8, 1.  Cf .  trunco  .  . . 
lingo,  Val.  Flacc.  6,  251. 

terra. 

patHa  C.  2,  16,  19;  3,  2,  13;  3,  6,  20;  3,  19,  2;  4,  5,  5;  4,  5,  16; 

4,  9,  52;  C.  S.  42;  S.  1,  10,  27;  2,  2,  105;  Epl.  1,  3,  29;  1,  6, 

64^5;  A.  P.  312. 
Sabaea  C.  1,  29,  3. 

tempus. 

hreve  Epl.  1,  3,  9. 

extremum  Epl.  1,  1,  9. 

futurum  S.  1,  1,  35;  2,  2,  110;  A.  P.  172;  218.  Cf.  futuri 
temporis,  C.  3,  29,  29. 

fosterum  C.  1,  11,  8.  Tempori  rather  than  diei  is  to  be  sup- 
plied with  postero  in  this  passage. 

praesens  C.  2,  16,  25.    Cf.  praesens  in  tempus,  A.  P.  44. 

25  patriae  R  *. 


praetexta  S.  1,  5,  36. 

FaUa  Epl.  1,  6,  52. 
Velina  Epl.  1,  6,  52. 


42 
toga. 

tribus. 


uxor. 


vidua  Epl.  1,  1,  78. 

vacca,  see  bos. 
iuvenca  C.  2,  5,  6;  Epl.  1,  3,  36. 


vas 


26 


aenum  Epl.  2,  2,  169. 
Allifanum  S.  2,  8,  39. 
salinum  C.  2,  16,  14. 
vinarium  S.  2,  8,  39. 

publicum  Epl.  1,  1,  77. 

linteum  C.  1, 14,  9 ;  4, 12,  2 ;  E.  16,  27. 

velamentum^  cf.  vestimentum. 

campestre  Epl.  1,  11,  18. 
Coum  S.  1,  2,  101. 
focale  S.  2,  3,  255. 

ventus. 

Africus  C.  1,  1,  15;  1,  3,  12;  1,  14,  5;  3,  23,  5;  E.  16,  22. 
Favonius  C.  1,  4, 1 ;  3,  7,  2. 
lapyx  C.  3,  27,  20. 

verba. 

multa  S.  1,  5,  65;  1,  6,  82;  2,  6,  83;  Epl.  1,  7,  62;  1,  9,  7;  2, 1,  30. 
pauca  S.  1,  4,  38;  1,  5,  51;  1,  6,  56;  1,  6,  61;  2,  7,  2. 
perpauca  S.  1,  4,  18. 

26  y.  A.  p.  A.,  vol.  31  (1900),  p.  12  f. 


43 


ve7'sus. 

elegus  C.  1,  33,  3 ;  Epl.  2,  2,  91 ;  A.  P.  77.    Cf.  Elegiim  metrum 

binis  versibus  constat,  Diomed.  3,  p.  502.  Putsch. 
trimetros  A.  P.  252;  259. 


via. 


Appia  E.  4,  14;  S.  1,  5,  6. 
recta  S.  1,  5,  71." 


vmum. 


Albanum  C.  4,  11,  2;  S.  2,  8,  16. 

Caecubum  C.  1,  20,  9;  1,  37,  5;  2,  14,  25;  3,  28,  3;  E.  9,  1.  Cf. 

vina  .  .  .  Caecubum,  E.  9,  36 ;  Caecuba  vina,  S.  2,  8,  15. 
Chium  S.  1,  10,  24;  2,  3,  115.    Cf.  Chia  vina,  E.  9,  34;  vina 

.  .  .  Chium,  S.  2,  8,  15 ;  vino  .  .  .  Chium,  S.  2,  8,  48. 
Coum  S.  2,  4,  29. 
Falernum  C.  1,  27,  10;  2,  3,  8;  2,  11,  19;  S.  1,  10,  24;  2,  2,  15; 

2,  3,  115;  2,  4,  24;  2,  8,  16;  Epl.  1,  14,  34. 
Lesbium  C.  1,  17,  21.    Cf.  et  Chia  vina  aut  Lesbia,  E.  9,  34. 
Mareoticum  C.  1,  37,  14. 
Massicum  C.  1,  1,  19 ;  2,  7,  21 ;  3,  21,  5.    Cf.  Massica  .  .  .  vina, 

S.  2,  4,  51.  I 

merum  C.  1,  7,  19 ;  1,  9,  8 ;  1,  13,  10 ;  1, 18,  8 ;  1, 19,  15 ;  1,  36,  13 

2,  7,  6;  2, 12,  5;  2,  14,  26;  3, 13,  2;  3, 17, 14;  3,  21,  12;  3,  29,  2 

4,  1,  31;  4,  5,  33;  E.  11,  14;  S.  2,  1,  9;  2,  4,  65;  Epl.  1,  19,  11 

A.  P.  435. 
mulsum  S.  2,  4,  26. 
mustum^^  S.  2,  4,  19. 
Sahinum  C.  1,  20,  1. 
Veientanum  S.  2,  3,  143. 

Group  3.   Positional  Substantives. 

The  omitted  substantives  in  this  group  can  be  determined 
only  by  the  context. 

27  recte  D  *. 

28  mixto  A  D  E  #. 


44 

Examples : 

amator. 

prior  C.  2,  8,  18. 

tims  C.  1,  25,  7. 

^^?^ws  C.  1,  17,  19;  E.  14,15. 

amicus^  arnica. 

meus  S.  2,  6,  65;  Epl.  1,  11,  9. 

noster  S.  2,  6,  48. 

SMWS  S.  2,  6,  41. 

^wws  C.  1,  15,  32;  Epl.  1,  17,  11. 

animal^  or  genus, 
anus. 


dispar  E.  7,  12. 
omnis  E.  5,  3. 

octonos  S.  1,  6,  75^^ 

<^w7ce  Epl.  2,  2,  9. 
indoctum  Epl.  2,  2,  9. 
grande  C.  1,  6,  9. 

hellans  C.  S.  51. 
rectum  A.  P.  367. 


as. 


carmen. 


hostis. 

iudicium. 

locus,  loca. 


communia  Epl.  1,  20,  4 

cuncta  Epl.  1,  11,  4. 

imum  S.  2,  4,  57;  A.  P.  378. 

miles. 

minax  C.  2,  7,  11. 

parens, 

peior  Epl.  1,  6,  22. 
29  octonis  #. 


45 


dives  Epl.  1,  18,  11. 

minimum  S.  1,  4,  14. 

en;?«r  E.  11,  18. 
potior  E.  15,  13. 
omnis  S.  1,  9,  48. 


mains  C.  3,  11,  30. 

Graecus  S.  1,  10,  35. 

ve^^ws  S.  2,  6,  61. 

nostrum  A.  P.  63. 

6reve  Epl.  1,  20,  8. 

tragicus  Epl.  2,  1,  166. 

farvos  C.  4,  2,  31. 
sacer  A.  P.  391. 

totidem  S.  2,  3,  298. 


-patronus. 
pignus. 
rivalis. 


scelus. 
scriptor. 

scriptum. 

spatium. 

spiritus. 

vates. 

verha. 


SUMMAEY. 

Class  A. 

1.  Horace  did  not  use  the  future  participle  as  a  substantive. 

2.  He  has  only  one  possible  instance  of  the  nominative  sin- 
gular masculine  present  participle  as  a  substantive  and  even 
this  instance  is  a  doubtful  one.    See  page  19. 

3.  Contrary  to  the  statements  of  the  grammarians,  he  used 
the  nominative  singular  of  adjectives  of  the  masculine  and 
common  genders  much  more  frequently  than  the  nominative 
plural. 

4.  Likewise  contrary  to  the  grammarians,  who  state  that  in 
combinations  like  quisquam  mortalis,  quivis  Atheniensis,  etc., 
the  pronoun  is  the  substantive  element,  Horace  has  several 
instances  where  the  adjective  appears  to  be  the  substantive 
element  of  the  combination. 

5.  He  has  a  few  examples  in  which  the  adjective  governs 
words  in  other  cases  and  is  modified  by  phrases  and  adverbs, 
and  yet  seems  to  maintain  its  substantive  character,  a  use  not 
mentioned  in  our  hand-books  of  grammar, 

6.  The  grammarians  and  writers  of  special  treatises  on  sub- 
stantivization nowhere  make  a  separate  classification  for  adjec- 
tives of  common  gender.  As  a  matter  of  fact  about  50  per 
cent,  in  the  singular  and  about  80  per  cent,  in  the  plural  of  the 
adjectives  that  I  have  classed  as  masculine  seem  to  be  of  com- 
mon gender. 

7.  Horace's  care  in  avoiding  ambiguity  of  gender  in  the 
oblique  cases  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  there  are  only  five  in- 
stances where  the  gender  is  at  all  doubtful. 

8.  Substantivization  is  nearly  four  (4)  times  as  frequent  in 
the  Satires  and  Epistles  as  in  the  Odes  and  Epodes. 

Class  B. 

1.  The  number  of  instances  where  the  original  substantive 
is  still  retained  with  the  adjective  is  quite  limited. 

2.  Substantivization  by  this  method  is  frequent  in  Horace; 
the  number  of  instances  in  the  Odes  and  Epodes  is  about  the 
same  as  in  the  Satires  and  Epistles. 

46 


INDEX  LOCOKUM. 


Where  more  than  one  example  is  found  in  a  line,  I  have  noted  it  by 


an 


c. 

1,  15  Africum 

c. 

1,  19  Massici 

c. 

1,  23  multos 

c. 

2,  3  dextera 

c. 

2,  33  Erycina 

c. 

3,  8  dimidium 

c. 

3,  12  Africum 

c. 

3,  25  omnia 

c. 

3,  37  ardui 

c. 

3,  37  mortalibus 

c. 

4,  1  Favoni 

c. 

4,  13  pauperum 

c. 

4,  15  summa 

c. 

6,  2  alite 

*c. 

6,  9  grandia 

c. 

6,  16  Superis 

c. 

6,  20  solitum 

c. 

7,  8  plurimus 

c. 

7,  14  pomaria 

c. 

7,  15  nubila 

c. 

7,  19  mero 

c. 

7,  22  Lyaeo 

c. 

7,  30  peiora 

c. 

8,  6  aequalis 

c. 

9,  8  merum 

*c. 

9,  9  cetera 

c. 

11,  8  postero 

c. 

12,  46  omnis 

c. 

13,  10  mero 

c. 

14,  5  Africo 

c. 

14,  9  lintea 

c. 

14,  10  malo 

c. 

15,  32  tuae 

c. 

16,  25  mitibus 

c. 

16,  26  tristia 

c. 

17,  2  Lycaeo 

c. 

17,  15  plenum 

c. 

17,  19  uno 

c. 

17,  21  Lesbii 

C. 

18, 

3  omnia 

C. 

18, 

3  siccis 

c. 

18, 

8  mero 

c. 

18, 

9  Euhius 

c. 

18, 

16  arcani 

c. 

19, 

15  meri 

c. 

20, 

1  Sabinum 

c. 

20, 

9  Caecubum 

c. 

21, 

2  Cynthium 

c. 

21, 

6  Algido 

c. 

21, 

10  mares 

c. 

22, 

1  integer 

c. 

22, 

1  purus 

c. 

24, 

8  parem 

c. 

24, 

9  bonis 

c. 

24, 

10  nulli 

c. 

25, 

7  tuo 

c. 

27, 

10  Falerni 

c. 

27, 

18  miser 

c. 

28, 

9  arcanis 

c. 

28, 

15  omnis 

c. 

28, 

15  veri 

c. 

28, 

19  senum 

c. 

28, 

31  natis 

c. 

29, 

3  Sabaeae 

c. 

29, 

6  sponso 

c. 

29, 

16  meliora 

c. 

31, 

17  paratis 

c. 

31, 

19  senectam 

c. 

33, 

3  elegos 

*c. 

33, 

3  iunior 

c. 

33, 

8  capreae 

c. 

34, 

6  nubila 

c. 

34, 

7  purum 

c. 

34, 

12  ima 

*c. 

34, 

12  summis 

c. 

34, 

13  insignem 

c. 

34, 

14  obscura 

c. 

35, 

15  cessantis 

47 


48 


C,  1,  35,  35  nefasti 

C.  1,  36,  nulli 

C.  1,  36,  13  meri 

C.  1,  36,  17  omnes 

C.  1,  37,  5  Caecubiuu 

C.  1,  37,  14  Mareotico 

C.  1,  37,  25  regiam 

C.  1,  37,  27  serpentes 

C.  1,  37,  30  Liburnis 

C.  2,  1,  23  cuncta 

C.  2,  2,  18  beatorum 

C.  2,  3,  8  Falerni 

C.  2,  3,  19  altum 

C.  2,  3,  25  omnium 

C.  2,  5,  2  conparis 

C.  2,  5,  6  iuvencae 

C.  2,  6,  6  senectae 

C.  2,  6,  18  brumas 

C.  2,  7,  6  mero 

C.  2,  7,  11  minaces 

C.  2,  7,  21  Massico 

C.  2,  8,  18  priores 

C.  2,  8,  21  iuvencis. 

C.  2,  8,  22  senes 

C.  2,  9,  10  vespero 

C.  2,  9,  14  senex 

C.  2,  9,  23  praescriptum 

C.  2,  10,  1  altum 

C.  2,  10,  13  infestis 

C.  2,  10,  13  secundis 

C.  2,  11,  5  pauca 

C.  2,  11,  17  EuMus 

C.  2,  11,  19  Falerni 

C.  2,  12,  5  mero 

C.  2,  13,  6  penetralia 

C.  2,  13,  23  piorum 

C.  2,  13,  28  mala 

C.  2,  13,  29  digna 

C.  2,  14,  3  senectae 

C.  2,  14,  9  omnibus 

C.  2,  14,  25  Caecuba 

C.  2,  14,  26  mero 

C.  2,  15,  5  violaria 

C.  2,  15,  9  laurea 

C,  2,  15,  12  veterum 

C.  2,  15,  14  commune 

C.  2,  15,  15  privatis 


C.  2,  16,  2  Aegaeo 
C.  2,  16,  13  parvo 
C.  2,  16,  14  salinum 
C.  2,  16,  18  multa 
C.  2,  16,  19  patriae 
C.  2,  16,  25  praesens 
C.  2,  16,  26  amara 
C.  2,  17,  27  truncus 
C.  2,  17,  29  dextra 
C.  2,  18,  6  regiam 
C.  2,  18,  10  dives 
C.  2,  18,  13  largiora 
C.  2,  18,  14  Sabinis 
C.  2,  18,  28  natos 
C.  2,  18,  33  pauperi. 
C.  2,  18,  39  pauperem 
C.  2,  19,  2  posteri 
C.  2,  19,  11  truncis 
C.  2,  19,  21  arduom 
C.  2,  20,  10  alitem 
C.  2,  20,  16  ales 
C.  3,  1,  8  cuncta 
C.  3,  1,  15  imos 
*C.  3,  1,  15  insignis 
C.  3,  1,  29  vineae 
C.  3,  1,  34  altum 
C.  3,  1,  39  triremi 
C.  3,  2,  10  sponsus 
C.  3,  2,  13  patria 
C.  3,  2,  26  sacrum 
C.  3,  2,  30  incesto 
*C.  3,  2,  30  integrum 
C.  3,  2,  31  scelestum 
C.  3,  3,  1  propositi 
C.  3,  3,  2  prava 
C.  3,  3,  17  gratum 
C.  3,  3,  41  ferae 
C.  3,  3,  48  arva 
C.  3,  3,  52  dextra 
*C.  3,  3,  52  omne 
C.  3,  3,  61  alite 
C.  3,  3,  72  magna 
C.  3,  4,  13  omnibus 
C.  3,  4,  15  arvom 
C.  3,  4,  20  infans 
C.  3,  4,  22  Sabinos 
C.  3,  4,  42  almae 


49 


c. 

3, 

4, 

55  truncis 

c. 

3, 

4, 

67  maius 

c. 

3, 

4, 

78  ales 

c. 

3, 

5, 

23  arva 

c. 

3, 

5, 

30  deterioribus 

c. 

3, 

5, 

42  natos 

c. 

3, 

5, 

51  propinquos 

c. 

3, 

6, 

1  delicta 

*c. 

3, 

6, 

1  maiorum 

c. 

3, 

6, 

8  mala 

c. 

3, 

6, 

20  patriam 

c. 

3, 

7, 

2  Favonii 

c. 

3, 

7, 

23  vicinus 

c. 

3, 

7, 

24  histo 

c. 

3, 

8, 

1  kalendis 

c. 

3, 

8, 

28  severa 

c. 

3, 

10, 

14  amantium 

c. 

3, 

10, 

16  suppliclbus 

c. 

3, 

11, 

6  divitum 

c. 

3, 

11, 

30  maius 

c. 

3, 

11. 

31  sponsos 

c. 

3, 

12, 

1  miserarum 

c. 

3, 

13, 

2  mala 

c. 

3, 

12, 

4  Cythereae 

c. 

3, 

12, 

10  apertum 

c. 

3, 

13, 

2  mero 

c. 

3, 

14, 

6  sacris 

c. 

3 

15, 

12  capreae 

c. 

3, 

15, 

16  vetulam 

c. 

3 

16, 

18  maiorum 

c. 

3 

16, 

21  plura 

c. 

3 

16, 

22  plura 

c. 

3 

16, 

23  divitum 

c. 

3 

16, 

36  pascuis 

c. 

3 

16, 

38  plura 

c. 

3 

16, 

42  multa 

c. 

3 

16, 

43  multa 

c. 

3 

17, 

4  fastos 

c. 

3 

17, 

14  mero 

c. 

3 

19, 

2  patria 

c. 

3 

19, 

7  quota 

c. 

3 

,  19 

21  dexteras 

c. 

3 

19 

24  vicina 

c. 

3 

,  20 

3  paulo 

c. 

3 

,  21 

5  Massicum 

c. 

3 

,  21 

12  mero 

c. 

3 

,  21 

14  sapientium 

C. 

3, 

21, 

16  Lyaeo 

C. 

3, 

21, 

18  pauperi 

c. 

3, 

23, 

5  Africum 

c. 

3, 

23, 

9  Algido 

c. 

3, 

23, 

14  bidentium 

c. 

3, 

24, 

16  vicarius 

c. 

3, 

24, 

30  postg-enitis 

c. 

3, 

24, 

46  faventium 

c. 

3, 

24, 

49  mali 

c. 

3, 

25, 

14  potens 

c. 

3, 

25, 

19  Lenaee 

c. 

3, 

26, 

7  funalia 

c. 

2, 

27, 

1  inpios 

c. 

3, 

27, 

5  serpens 

c. 

3, 

27, 

6  obliquom 

c. 

3, 

27, 

20  lapyx 

c. 

3, 

27, 

39  conmissum 

c. 

3, 

27, 

45  iuvencum 

c. 

3, 

27, 

64  pensum 

c. 

3, 

28, 

3  Caecubum 

c. 

3, 

28, 

12  Cynthiae 

c. 

3, 

29, 

2  merum 

c. 

3, 

29, 

7  arvom 

c. 

3, 

29, 

13  divitibus 

c. 

3, 

29, 

14  pauperum 

c. 

3, 

29, 

31  mortalis 

c. 

3, 

29 

33  cetera 

c. 

3, 

30, 

10  Aufidus 

c. 

3, 

30 

12  humili 

c. 

3, 

30, 

15  meritis 

c. 

4, 

1, 

18  aemuli 

c. 

4, 

1, 

31  mero 

c. 

4, 

1, 

40  dure 

c. 

4, 

2, 

9  laurea 

c. 

4, 

2, 

21  sponsae 

c. 

4, 

2, 

31  parvos 

c. 

4, 

2, 

60  cetera 

c. 

4, 

3, 

22  praetereuntium 

c. 

4, 

4, 

1  alitem 

c. 

4, 

4, 

9  ovilia 

c. 

4, 

4, 

13  caprea 

c. 

4, 

4, 

13  pascuis 

c. 

4, 

4, 

21  dextras 

c. 

4, 

4, 

23     omnia 

c. 

4, 

4, 

26  penetralibus 

c. 

4, 

4, 

29  bonis 

*c. 

4, 

4, 

29  fortes 

50 


*C.  4,  4,  29  fortibus 
C.  4,  4,  30  iuvencis 
C.  4,  4,  32  aquilae 
C,  4,  4,  36  nata 
C.  4,  4,  41  adorea 
C.  4,  4,  54  sacra 
C.  4,  4,  55  natos 
C.  4,  4,  57  bipennibus 
C.  4,  4,  58  Algido 
C.  4,  4,  65  profundo 
C.  4,  4,  76  acuta 
C.  4,  5,  5  patriae 
C.  4,  5,  16  patria 
C.  4,  5,  33  mero 
C.  4,  6,  14  sacra 
C.  4,  6,  17  captis 
C.  4,  6,  24  alite 
C.  4,  7,  7  inmortalia 
C.  4,  7,  12  bruma 
C.  4,  7,  17  summae 
C.  4,  7,  19  cuncta 
C.  4,  8,  24  meritis 
C.  4,  9,  2  Aufidum 
C.  4,  9,  25  fortes 
C.  4,  9,  38  cuncta 
C.  4,  9,  41  honestum 
C.  4,  9,  41  utili 
C.  4,  9,  42  nocentium 
C.  4,  9,  45  multa 
C.  4,  9,  47  beati 
C.  4,  9,  52  patria 
C,  4,  11,  2  Albani 
C.  4,  11,  14  Idus 
C.  4,  11,  18  natali 
C.  4,  11,  29  digna 
C.  4,  11,  31  disparem 
C.  4,  12,  2  lintea 
C.  4,  12,  19  amara 
C.  4,  13,  15  fastis 
C.  4,  14,  4  fastos 
C.  4,  14,  25  Aufidus 
C.  4,  14,  29  barbarorum 
C.  4,  15,  22  edicta 
E.  1,  1  Liburnis 
E.  1,  13  occidentis. 
E.  1,  18  absentis 
E.  1,  20  serpentium 


E.  1,  25  iuvencis 
E.  1,  28  pascuis 
E.  2,  2  mortalium 
E.  2,  5  classico 
E.  2,  11  mugientium 
E.  2,  65  vernas 
E.  2,  68  rusticus 
E.  2,  69  Idibus 
E.  2,  70  kalendis 
E.  3,  14  serpente 
E.  4,  14  Appiam 
E.  5,  3  omnium 
E.  5,  6  Lucina 
E.  5,  12  insignibus 
E.  5,  52  sacra 
E.  5,  55  ferae 
E.  5,  57  omnes 
E.  5,  66  nuptam 
E.  5,  84  inpias 
E.  5,  89  diris 
E.  5,  100  alites 
E.  6,  5  Lacon 
*E.  6,  5  Molossus 
E.  6,  8  fera 
E.  6,  11  malos 
E.  7,  1  dexteris 
E.  7,  10  dextera 
E.  7,  12  dispar 
E.  7,  14  responsmn 
E.  9,  1  Caecubum 
E.  9,  11  posteri 
E.  9,  38  Lyaeo 
E.  10,  1  alite 
E.  11,  5  December 
E.  11,  7  mali 
E.  11,  9  amantem 
E.  11,  12  pauperis 
E.  11,  14  arcana 
*E.  11,  14  mero 
E.  11,  18  inparibus 
E.  12,  10  creta 
E.  12,  23  aequalis 
E.  12,  26  capreae 
E.  13,  7  cetera 
E.  13,  12  invicte 
E.  13,  17  malum 
E.  14,  15  uno 


51 


E.  15,  13  potior! 
E.  15,  14  parem 
E.  15,  18  malo 
E.  15,  21  arcana 
E.  16,  10  feris 
E.  16,  22  Africus 
E.  16,  23  melius 
E.  16,  24  alite 
E.  16,  27  lintea 
E.  16,  29  Appenninus 
E.  16,  41  arva 
E.  16,  42  arva 
E.  16,  44  vinea 
E.  16,  51  ovile 
E.  16,  53  plura 
E.  16,  56  caelitum 
E,  16,  58  Colchis 
E.  16,  66  piis 
E.  17,  12  alitibus 
E.  17,  39  iuvencos 
E.  17,  47  pauperum 
E.  17,  57  sacrum 
E.  17,  67  aliti 
E.  17,  79  mortuos 
C.  S.  15  Lucina 
C.  S.  16  Genitalis 
C.  S.  18  decreta 
C.  S.  42  patriae 
C.  S.  44  plura 
C.  S.  44  relictis 
C.  S.  51  bellante 
S.  55  responsa 
S.  69  Algidum 
S.  69  Aventinum 
1,  1,  3  diversa 
S.  1,  1,  13  cetera 
S.  1,  1,  17  consultus 

1,  1,  17  rusticus 
S.  1,  1,  23  iocularia 
S.  1,  1,  24  verum 
S.  1,  1,  27  seria 
S.  1,  1,  31  senes 
S.  1,  1,  32  cibaria 
S.  1,  1,  35  futuri 
S.  1,  1,  36  Aquarius 
S.  1,  1,  38  quaesitis 
S.  1,  1,  44  pulchri 


C. 
C. 

*c. 

s. 


*s 


S.  1,  1,  47  venalis 
S.  1,  1,  52  tantundem 
S.  1,  1  54  liquid! 
S.  1,  1,  56  tantundem 
S.  1,  1,  57  iusto 
S.  1,  1,  58  Aufidus 
S.  1,  1,  79  bonorum 
S,  1,  1,  83  gnatis 
S.  1,  1,  83  propinquiS 
S.  1,  1,  85  noti 
*S.  1,  1,  85  vicini 
S.  1,  1,  86  omnia 
S.  1,  1,  88  cognatos 
S.  1,  1,  102  pugnantia 
S.  1,  1,  107  rectimi 
S.  1,  1,  108  avarus 
S,  1,  1,  109  diversa 
S.  1,  1,  111  pauperiorum 
S.  1,  1,  113  locupletior 
S.  1,  2,  2  mendici 
S.  1,  2,  21  gnato 
S.  1,  2,  24  stulti 
S.  1,  2,  30  nullam 
S.  1,  2,  46  omnes 
S.  1,  2,  48  libertinarum 
S.  1,  2,  59  malum 
S.  1,  2,  68  mala 
S.  1,  2,  73  meliora 
*S.  1,  2,  73  pugnantia 
S.  1,  2,  82  togatae 
S.  1,  2,  84  honesti 
S.  1,  2,  85  turpia 
S.  1,  2,  90  optima 
S.  1,  2,  95  cetera 
S.  1,  2,  96  interdicta 
S.  1,  2,  100  plurima 
S.  1,  2,  101  Cois 
S.  1,  2,  108  fugientia 
*S.  1,  2,  108  medio 
*S.  1,  2,  108  posita 
S.  1,  2,  113  inane 
*S.  1,  2,  113  soldo 
S.  1,  2,  115  omnia 
S.  1,  2,  117  verna 
S.  1,  2,  120  paullo 
S.  1,  3,  11  sacra 
S.  1,  3,  13  omnia 


52 


s, 

,  3, 

,  15 

centena 

s, 

,  3. 

,  16 

parco 

s. 

,  3, 

,  16 

paucis 

s. 

,  3. 

,  25 

mala 

s. 

,  3, 

,  27 

aquila 

*s. 

,  3, 

,  27 

serpens 

s. 

•  3, 

43 

gnati 

s. 

:  3, 

.  52 

aequo 

s. 

3, 

53 

acris 

s. 

3, 

59 

malo 

s. 

3, 

70 

bona 

s. 

3, 

71 

bona 

s. 

3, 

75 

peccatis 

s. 

3, 

77 

stultis 

s. 

3, 

79 

delicta 

s. 

3, 

83 

sanos 

s. 

3, 

84 

peccatum 

s. 

3, 

87  kalendae 

s. 

3, 

89 

captivos 

s. 

3, 

95 

sponsum 

s. 

3, 

96 

peccata 

s. 

3, 

97 

verum 

s. 

3, 

98 

aequi 

*s. 

3, 

98 

iusti 

s. 

3, 

109 

1  ferarum 

s. 

3, 

111 

iniusti 

s. 

3, 

112 

fastos 

s. 

3, 

113 

iniquom 

*s. 

3, 

113 

iusto 

s. 

3, 

114 

bona 

*s. 

3, 

114 

diversis 

s. 

3, 

115 

tantundem 

s. 

3, 

117 

sacra 

s. 

3, 

118 

peccatis 

s. 

3, 

137 

longum 

s. 

3, 

141 

delicta 

s. 

4, 

3  malus 

s. 

4, 

10  ; 

magnum 

s. 

4, 

14  : 

minimo 

s. 

4, 

18  ; 

perpauca 

s. 

4, 

23  ! 

scripta 

s. 

4, 

27  ] 

Quptarum 

s. 

4, 

30  ] 

mala 

s. 

4, 

32  i 

summa 

s. 

4, 

36  ( 

Dmnis 

s. 

4, 

38  pauca 

s. 

4, 

42  ] 

propiora 

S, 

,  4^ 

,  44 

:  magna 

S, 

,  4^ 

,  53 

;  leviora 

s. 

.  4, 

,  56 

>  pacto 

s. 

.  4, 

,  75 

multi 

*s. 

.  4, 

,  75 

scripta 

s. 

•  4, 

.  76 

inanis 

s. 

.  4, 

,  83 

dicacis 

s. 

4, 

84 

conmissa 

*s. 

4, 

,  84 

visa 

s. 

4, 

87 

cunctos 

s. 

4, 

91 

nigris 

s. 

4, 

97 

permulta 

s. 

4, 

99 

pacto 

s. 

4, 

117  antiquis 

s. 

4, 

121  dictis 

s. 

4, 

126  aegros 

s. 

5, 

6 

Appia 

*s. 

5, 

6 

tardis 

*s. 

5, 

6 

praecinctis 

s. 

5, 

12  trecentos 

s. 

5, 

21 

eerebrosus 

s. 

5, 

36 

praetextan 

s. 

5, 

49 

crudis 

*s. 

5, 

49 

lippis 

s. 

5, 

51 

paucis 

s. 

5, 

55 

maioribus 

s. 

5, 

62 

permulta 

s. 

5, 

65 

multa 

s. 

5, 

71 

recta 

s. 

5, 

76 

omnis 

s. 

5, 

96 

postera 

s. 

5, 

102  miri 

s. 

6, 

5  plerique 

s. 

6, 

6  ignotos 

s. 

6, 

10 

maioribus 

s. 

6, 

16 

indignis 

s. 

6, 

24 

generosis 

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6, 

24 

ignotos 

s. 

6, 

32 

singula 

s. 

6, 

37 

mortalis 

s. 

6, 

46 

omnes 

s. 

6, 

51 

dignos 

s. 

6, 

56 

pauca 

s. 

6, 

57 

plura 

s. 

6, 

61 

pauca 

s. 

6, 

63 

honestum 

*s. 

6, 

63 

turpi 

53 


S.  1, 

6, 

75  Idibus 

S. 

-*■> 

10,  43  facta 

*S.  1, 

6, 

75  octonos 

s. 

-*■? 

10,  44  facetum 

S.  1, 

6, 

82  multa 

*s. 

^y 

10,  44  molle 

S.  1, 

6 

84  facto 

s. 

^9 

10,  52  doctus 

S.  1, 

6 

101  pliires 

s. 

->-? 

10,  55  reprensis 

S.  1 

6 

114  divinis 

s. 

J-* 

10,  56  scripta 

S.  1 
S.  1, 

6 

7 

122  quartam 
2  pacto 

s. 
*s. 

10,  69  multa 
10,  69  omne 

S.  1 
S.  1, 

7 
7 

3  lippis 
10  omnes 

s. 
s. 

2, 

1( 
1, 

),  70  perfectum 
9  mero 

S.  1, 

7 

15  inertis 

s. 

2, 

1, 

30  arcana 

S.  1, 
S.  1, 
S.  1 

7 
7 
7 

16  disparibus 

17  pulchrior 
19  par 

s. 
s. 
s. 

2, 

2, 
2, 

1, 
1, 
1, 

34  senis 
37  vacuom 
40  animantem 

S.  1, 

8 

1  truncus 

s. 

2, 

1, 

49  malum 

S.  1, 

8 

4  dextra 

s. 

2, 

1, 

50  suspectos 

S.  1, 

8 

6  volucris 

s. 

2, 

1, 

54  dextera 

S.  1 
S.  1, 

8 
8 

14  Esquiliis 
17  ferae 

*s. 
s. 

2, 

2, 

1, 
1, 

54     mirum 
57  longum 

S.  1, 
S.  1 
S.  1 

8 

8 
8 

29  responsa 
34  serpentes 
40  pacto 

s. 
s. 
s. 

2, 
2, 
2, 

1, 
1, 
1, 

61  maiorum 
69  primores 
71  secreta 

* 

CO   CO 

h-l     h-l 

8 
8 

40  singula 
45  facta 

s. 
s. 

2, 
2 

1 
1 

76  magnis 

77  fragili 

S.  1 

9 

4  dulcissime 

s. 

2 

1 

78  solido 

S.  1 

9 

5  omnia 

s. 

2 

2 

1  boni 

S.  1, 

S.  1 

*S.  1 

9 

,  9 
9 

27  cognati 
,  33  garrulus 
,  33  loquacis 

*s. 
s. 
s. 

2, 
2 
2, 

2 

2 
2 

1  parvo 
3  rusticus 
6  falsis 

S.  1 

9 

46  secundas 

*s. 

2 

2 

6  meliora 

S.  1 

9 

48  omnis 

s. 

2, 

2 

8  verum 

S.  1 

9 

50  malis 

s. 

2 

2 

15  Falerno 

S.  1 

9 

52  magnum 

s. 

2 

2 

20  pulmentaria 

S.  1 

9 

,  60  mortalibus 

s. 

2 

2 

25  vanis 

S.  1 

9 

,  72  multomm 

s. 

2 

2 

31  alto 

S.  1 

9 

,  73  inprobus 

s. 

2 

2 

33  insane 

S.  1 

9 

75  adversarius 

s. 

2 

2 

38  volgaria 

S.  1 

10,  5  cetera 

s. 

2 

2 

52  pravi 

S.  1 

,  10,  13  Tirbani 

s. 

2 

2 

56  vero 

S.  1 

10,  14  acri 

s. 

2 

2 

71  primis 

*S.  1 

10,  14  ridicultiin 

s. 

2 

,  2 

,  73  assis 

S.  1 
S.  1 

,  10,  20  magnum 
10,  21  seri 

s. 
s. 

2 
2 

2 

2 

74  elixa 

75  dulcia 

S.  1 

10,  24  Chio 

s. 

2 

2 

76  omnis 

*S.  1 

10,  24  Falerni 

s. 

2 

2 

80  dicto 

S.  1 
S.  1 

1 
,  1 

0,  27  patriae 
0,  42  vivorum 

s. 
s. 

2 
2 

2 
,  2 

,  82  melius 
,  89  antiqui 

54 


s. 

2 

2 

97 

vicinos 

s. 

2, 

2, 

102 

melius 

s. 

2 

2 

,  104 

inprobe 

s. 

2 

2 

105 

patriae 

s. 

2 

2 

107 

inimicis 

s. 

2 

2 

,  109 

pluribus 

s. 

2 

2 

110 

futuri 

*s. 

2 

2 

110 

parvo 

s. 

2 

.  2 

,  111 

idonea 

s. 

2 

2 

115 

gnatis 

s. 

2 

2 

120 

vicinus 

s. 

2 

2 

125 

seria 

s. 

2 

2 

134 

nulli 

s. 

2 

3 

2  scriptorum 

s. 

2 

3 

5  Saturnalibus 

s. 

2 

3 

6  promissis 

s. 

2 

3 

9  multa 

*s. 

2 

3 

9  praeclara 

s. 

2 

3 

14 

miser 

s. 

2 

3 

30 

lethargicus 

s. 

2 

3 

31 

bone 

s. 

2 

3 

32 

omnes 

s. 

2 

3 

33 

veri 

s. 

2 

3 

34 

praecepta 

s. 

2 

3 

40 

insanos 

s. 

2 

3 

43 

veri 

s. 

2, 

3 

47 

omnes 

s. 

2, 

3 

49 

palantis 

s. 

2 

3 

58 

cognatis 

s. 

2 

3 

74 

insani 

*s. 

2 

3 

74 

sani 

s. 

2 

3 

81 

omnis 

s. 

2, 

3, 

82 

avaris 

s. 

2, 

3, 

84 

summam 

s. 

2, 

3 

86 

paria 

s. 

2 

3 

90 

summam 

s. 

2 

3 

95 

divina 

*s. 

2 

3 

95 

humana 

s. 

2 

3 

104 

unum 

s. 

2, 

3, 

110 

conpositis 

s. 

2, 

3, 

115 

Chii 

s. 

3= 

3 

115 

Falerni 

s. 

2 

3 

120 

paucis 

s. 

2 

3 

123 

senex 

s. 

2 

3 

124 

quantulum 

*s. 

2 

3 

124 

summae 

s. 

2 

,  3 

,  143 

Veientanui 

S. 

2, 

3, 

145 

lethargo 

S. 

2, 

3, 

148 

pacto 

S. 

2 

3 

149 

plures 

S. 

2 

3 

151 

tua 

S. 

2, 

3, 

155 

ptisanarium 

S. 

2, 

3, 

156 

parvo 

*S. 

2, 

3, 

156 

quanti 

*S. 

2, 

3, 

156 

quanti 

S. 

2, 

3, 

160 

Stoice 

s. 

2, 

3, 

162 

aeger 

s. 

2 

3 

167 

paratis 

s. 

2, 

3, 

169 

gnatis 

s. 

2, 

3, 

173 

cavis 

s. 

2, 

3, 

182 

bona 

s. 

2, 

3, 

184 

insane 

s. 

2 

3 

199 

natam 

s. 

2, 

3, 

200 

inprobe 

s. 

2, 

3, 

201 

rectum 

s. 

2, 

3, 

203 

gnato 

*s. 

2, 

3, 

203 

mala 

s. 

2, 

3, 

207 

furiose 

s. 

2, 

3, 

208 

veris 

s. 

2, 

3, 

215 

gnatae 

s. 

2, 

3, 

217 

interdicto 

s. 

2, 

3, 

218 

propinquos 

s. 

2, 

3, 

219 

gnatam 

s. 

2 

3 

223 

cruentis 

s. 

2, 

3, 

228 

unguentarius 

s. 

2, 

3, 

236 

tantum 

s. 

2, 

3, 

237 

tantundem 

s. 

2, 

3, 

243 

par 

s. 

2, 

3, 

244 

pravorum 

s. 

2 

3 

245 

inpenso 

s. 

2, 

3, 

246 

creta 

s. 

2 

3 

249 

barbatum 

s. 

2, 

3 

254 

insignia 

s. 

2, 

3, 

255 

focalia 

s. 

2, 

3 

267 

mala 

s. 

2, 

3, 

281 

libertinus 

s. 

2, 

3, 

290 

quartana 

s. 

2, 

3, 

293 

praecipiti 

s. 

2, 

3 

295 

malo 

s. 

2, 

3, 

298 

totidem 

s. 

2, 

3, 

299 

pendentia 

s. 

2, 

3, 

300 

Stoice 

*s. 

2, 

3 

300 

omnia 

s. 

2, 

3, 

304 

gnati 

65 


S.  2,  3,  305  veris 
S.  2,  3,  308  longos 
*S.  2,  3,  308  imo 
S.  2,  3,  309  summum 
S.  2,  3,  316  cognatos 
S.  2,  3,  318  dimidio 
S.  2,  3,  324  tuis 
S.  2,  3,  326  insane 
S.  2,  4,  2  praeceptis 
S.  2,  4,  4  peccatum 
S.  2,  4,  8  pacto 
S.  2,  4,  11  praecepta 
S.  2,  4,  19  musto 
S.  2,  4,  24  Falerno 
S.  2,  4,  26  mulso 
S.  2,  4,  28  obstantia 
S.  2,  4,  29  Coo 
S.  2,  4,  43  capreas 
*S.  2,  4,  43  vinea 
S.  2,  4,  52  crassi 
S.  2,  4,  55  vafer 
S.  2,  4,  57  aliena 
*S.  2,  4,  57  ima 
S.  2,  4,  61  omnia 
S.  2,  4,  65  mero 
S.  2,  4,  90  cuncta 
S.  2,  4,  91  tantundem 
S.  2,  4,  93  magni 
S.  2,  4,  95  praecepta 
S.  2,  5,  1  narrata 
S.  2,  5,  5  nulli 
S.  2,  5,  12  sene 
S.  2,  5,  16  fugitivos 
S.  2,  5,  19  melioribus 
S.  2,  5,  21  maiora 
S.  2,  5,  24  senmn 
*S,  2,  5,  24  vafer 
S.  2,  5,  28  gnatis 
S.  2,  5,  29  meliorem 
S.  2,  5,  31  gnatus 
S.  2,  5,  42  stantem 
S.  2,  5,  44  cetaria 
S.  2,  5,  47  caelibis 
S.  2,  5,  50  vacuom 
S.  2,  5,  53  limis 
S.  2,  5,  58  obscura 
S.  2,  5,  65  soldum 


S.  2,  5,  71  senem 
S.  2,  5,  76  potiori 
S.  2,  5,  79  magnum 
S.  2,  5,  82  sene 
S.  2,  5,  84  sene 
S.  2,  5,  90  diflBcilem 

*S.  2,  5,  90  garrulus 

*S.  2,  5,  90  morosum 
S.  2,  6,  3  paulum 
S.  2,  6,  5  nate 
S.  2,  6,  14  cetera 
S.  2,  6,  25  bnima 
S.  2,  6,  28  tardis 
S.  2,  6,  29  inprobus 

*S.  2,  6,  29  insane 
S.  2,  6,  30  omne 
S.  2,  6,  33  Esquilias 
S.  2,  6,  34  secundam 
S.  2,  6,  41  suorum 
S.  2,  6,  45  cantos 
S.  2,  6,  48  noster 
S.  2,  6,  49  omnes 
S,  2,  6,  51  bone 
S.  2,  6,  58  mortalem 
S.  2,  6,  61  veterum 
S.  2,  6,  65  mei 
S.  2,  6,  66  vernas 
S.  2,  6,  69  fortis 
S.  2,  6,  75  rectum 
S.  2,  6,  76  boni 

*S.  2,  6,  76  summum 
S.  2,  6,  77  vicinus 
S.  2,  6,  81  cavo 
S.  2,  6,  82  quaesitis 
S.  2,  6,  83  multa 
S.  2,  6,  87  singula 
S.  2,  6,  89  meliora 
S.  2,  6,  90  urbanuS 
S.  2,  6,  93  terrestria 
S.  2,  6,  95  bone 
*S.  2,  6,  95  magno 
*S.  2,  6,  95  parvo 
S.  2,  6,  97  dicta 
S.  2,  6,  98  agrestem 
S.  2,  6,  107  agrestem 
S.  2,  6,  109  omne 
S.  2,  6,  115  rusticus 


56 


S.  2 

,  6 

,  116  cavos 

S.  2 

,  7 

,  2  pauca 

S.  2 

,  7 

,  5  maiores 

S.  2 

,  7 

,  7  propositiim 

*S.  2 

,  7 

7  recta 

S.  2 

,  7 

,  8  pravis 

S.  2 

,  7 

9  laeva 

S.  2 

7 

12  libertinus 

S.  2 

7 

13  doctus 

S.  2 

7 

22  pacto 

*S.  2 

7 

22  pessime 

S.  2 

7 

26  rectum 

S.  2 

7 

53  insignibus 

S.  2 

7 

60  peccati 

S.  2 

7 

78  dictis 

S.  2 

7 

79  vicarius 

S.  2 

7, 

87  externl 

*S.  2 

7, 

87  leve 

S.  2 

7, 

91  gelida 

S.  2 

7 

95  insane 

S.  2 

7 

98  rubrica 

S.  2, 

7, 

101  veternm 

S.  2, 

7, 

106  parvo 

S.  2, 

7, 

113  fugitives 

S.  2, 

8, 

6  primis 

S.  2, 

8, 

13  cenantis 

S.  2, 

8, 

14  sacris 

S.  2, 

8, 

16  Albanum 

*S.  2 

8 

16  Falernum 

S.  2, 

8, 

39  Allifanis 

*S.  2, 

8, 

39  vinaria 

S.  2, 

8, 

40  omnibus 

S.  2, 

8, 

57  mains 

S.  2, 

8, 

64  omnia 

S.  2, 

8, 

76  commoda 

S.  2, 

8, 

83  fictis 

S.  2, 

8, 

95  serpentibus 

Epl. 

1,  9  extremum 

Epl. 

1,  10  ludicra 

Epl. 

1,  18  praecepta 

Epl. 

1,  25  locupletibus 

*Epl. 

1,  25  pauperibus 

Epl. 

1,  26  senibus 

Epl. 

1,  38  iners 

*Epl. 

1,  38  invidus 

*Epl. 

1,  38  iracundus 

*Epl. 

38 

vinosus 

*EpL 

43 

malo 

Epl. 

48 

meliori 

Epl. 

50 

Olympia 

Epl. 

55 

dictata 

*Epl. 

55 

senes 

Epl. 

63 

facientibus 

Epl. 

77 

publica 

Epl. 

78 

viduas 

Epl. 

79 

senes 

*Epl. 

79 

vivaria 

Epl. 

80 

multis 

Epl. 

84 

dives 

Epl. 

91 

pauper 

Epl. 

93 

locuples 

*Epl. 

93 

triremis 

Epl. 

100  quadrata 

*Epl. 

100  rotundis 

Epl. 

106  summam 

Epl. 

2, 

21 

aspera 

Epl. 

2, 

28 

sponsi 

Epl. 

2, 

29 

aequo 

Epl. 

2, 

40 

dimidium 

*Epl. 

2, 

40 

facti 

Epl. 

2, 

42 

rusticus 

Epl. 

2, 

52 

lippum 

Epl. 

2, 

56 

avarus 

Epl. 

2, 

57 

invidus 

Epl. 

2, 

68 

melioribus 

Epl. 

2, 

71 

tardum 

Epl. 

3, 

9  brevi 

Epl. 

3, 

17 

scripta 

Epl. 

3, 

29 

patriae 

Epl. 

3, 

36 

iuvenca 

Epl. 

4, 

5  bono 

Epl. 

5, 

14 

insano 

Epl. 

5, 

16 

operta 

Epl. 

5, 

17 

inertem 

Epl. 

5, 

25 

dicta 

*Epl. 

5, 

25 

par 

Epl. 

5, 

26 

pari 

Epl. 

5, 

31 

postico 

Epl. 

6, 

7  ludicra 

Epl. 

6, 

9  adversa 

Epl. 

6, 

10 

pacto 

Epl. 

6, 

15 

aequos 

*Epl. 

6, 

15 

iniqui 

57 


*Epl. 

6 

15 

insani 

Epl. 

6 

22 

indignum 

*Epl. 

6 

22 

peioribus 

Epl. 

6 

24 

apricum 

Epl. 

6 

25 

nitentia 

Epl. 

6 

38 

nurtimatum 

Epl. 

6 

43 

paulo 

Epl. 

6 

45 

multa 

Epl. 

6 

51 

dextram 

Epl. 

6 

52 

Fabia 

Epl. 

6 

52 

Velina 

Epl. 

6 

64 

patria 

Epl. 

7 

2   I 

3extilem 

Epl. 

7 

10 

bruma 

Epl. 

7 

20 

prodigus 

*Epl. 

7 

20 

stultus 

Epl. 

7 

21 

ingratos 

Epl. 

7 

22 

dignis 

Epl. 

■'■ 

7 

24 

merentis 

Epl. 

7 

33 

cavom 

Epl. 

7 

34 

cuncta 

Epl, 

7 

35 

altiliiim. 

Epl. 

7 

39 

donata 

Epl. 

7 

44 

parva 

*Epl. 

7 

44 

parvom 

Epl. 

7 

52 

iussa 

Epl. 

7 

62 

multa 

Epl. 

7 

63 

inprobus 

Epl. 

7 

71 

nonam 

Epl. 

7 

77 

arvom 

Epl. 

7 

83 

nitido 

*Epl. 

,  7 

,  83 

rusticus 

Epl. 

7 

94 

dextram 

Epl. 

7 

96 

dimissa 

*Epl. 

7 

96 

petitis 

Epl. 

7 

97 

relicta 

Epl. 

8 

3  multa 

*Epl. 

8 

3  ] 

julchra 

Epl. 

8 

10 

veterno 

Epl. 

8 

13 

pacto 

Epl. 

8 

16 

praeceptum^ 

Epl. 

9 

4  honesta 

Epl. 

9 

7  1 

multa 

Epl. 

9 

8  ] 

mea 

Epl. 

9 

12 

Iussa 

Epl. 

1 

0,  3 

cetera 

*Epl. 

1 

D,  3 

gemelli 

Epl. 

10 

10  fugitives 

Epl. 

,   10 

29  falsum 

*Epl. 

10 

29  vero 

Epl. 

10 

32  magna 

Epl. 

10 

41  parvo 

Epl. 

,  10 

45  plura 

Epl, 

,  10 

,  50  cetera 

Epl. 

,  11 

,  2  regia 

Epl. 

11 

4  cuncta 

Epl. 

11 

9  meorum 

Epl. 

11 

15  alto 

Epl. 

11 

17  incolumi 

Epl. 

11 

18  campestre 

Epl. 

11 

19  brumam 

Epl. 

11 

23  dulcia 

Epl, 

12 

7  medio 

Epl. 

12 

11  cuncta 

Epl. 

12 

13  culta 

Epl. 

12 

15  sublimia 

Epl. 

12 

24  bonis 

Epl. 

13 

11  propositi 

Epl. 

13 

13  rusticus 

Epl, 

13 

19  mandata 

Epl. 

14 

1  vilice 

Epl. 

14 

15  vilicus 

Epl. 

14 

27  arva 

Epl, 

14 

34  Falerni 

Epl. 

14 

37  commoda 

Epl, 

14 

39  vicini 

Epl, 

14 

40  diaria 

Epl, 

15 

7  aegris 

Epl, 

15 

10  deversoria 

Epl. 

15 

33  timidis 

Epl. 

,  15 

35  agninae 

Epl. 

15 

38  omne 

Epl, 

15 

39  vilia 

Epl. 

15 

42  bona 

Epl, 

15 

44  parvola 

*Epl, 

15 

44  tuta 

Epl. 

16 

2  arvo 

Epl. 

16 

20  bono 

Epl. 

16 

24  stultorum 

Epl. 

16 

28  ambiguo 

Epl, 

16, 

34  indigno 

Epl, 

16 

41  consulta 

Epl, 

16 

52  boni 

Epl. 

-'■J 

16 

54  profanis 

58 


*Epl. 

,  16, 

54 

sacra 

Epl. 

,  16, 

56 

pacto 

Epl. 

16, 

63 

peccatis 

Epl. 

16, 

63 

avarus 

Epl. 

16, 

69 

captivom 

Epl. 

16, 

75 

bona 

*Epl. 

16, 

75 

indignum 

Epl. 

17, 

2 

maioribus 

*Epl. 

17, 

2  ] 

pacto 

Epl. 

17, 

4 

caecus 

Epl. 

17, 

9  ( 

iivitibus 

Epl. 

17, 

11 

tuis 

Epl. 

-*- 

17, 

12 

unctum 

Epl. 

17, 

16 

facta 

Epl. 

17, 

21 

villa 

Epl. 

17, 

22 

dante 

*Epl. 

17, 

22 

nullius 

Epl. 

17, 

24 

maiora 

*Epl. 

17, 

24 

praesentibu 

Epl. 

17, 

32 

ineptus 

Epl. 

17, 

34 

caelestia 

Epl. 

17, 

44 

poscente 

Epl. 

17, 

51 

minus 

Epl. 

17, 

53 

salebras 

Epl. 

17, 

54 

viatica 

Epl. 

17, 

61 

claudum 

*Epl. 

17, 

61 

crudeles 

Epl. 

17, 

62 

peregrinum 

Epl. 

18, 

2  scurrantis 

Epl. 

18, 

10 

aequo 

Epl. 

18, 

11 

divitis 

Epl. 

18, 

13 

dictata 

Epl. 

18, 

28 

vera 

Epl. 

18, 

35 

imum 

Epl. 

18, 

37 

arcanum 

Epl. 

18, 

38 

conmissum 

Epl. 

18, 

63 

adversarius 

Epl. 

18, 

69 

garrulus 

Epl. 

18, 

70 

conmissa 

Epl. 

18, 

77 

peccata 

Epl. 

18, 

78 

dignum 

Epl. 

18, 

80 

notum 

Epl. 

18, 

83 

paulo 

Epl. 

18, 

86 

inexpertis 

Epl. 

18, 

87 

alto 

*Epl. 

18, 

87 

expertus 

Epl. 

18, 

89 

hilarem 

*Epl. 

18,  89 

iocosi 

*Epl. 

18,  89 

tristem 

*Epl. 

18,  89 

tristes 

Epl. 

18,  90 

agilem 

*Epl. 

18,  90 

celeres 

*Epl. 

18,  90 

navom 

*Epl. 

18,  90 

remissi 

*Epl. 

18,  90 

sedatum 

Epl. 

18,  91 

Falemi 

Epl. 

18,  94 

modestus 

Epl. 

18,  95 

acerbi 

*Epl. 

18,  95 

obscuri 

*Epl. 

18,  95 

taciturnus 

Epl. 

18,  96 

cuncta 

*Epl. 

18,  96 

doctos 

Epl. 

18,  107  minus 

Epl. 

19,  9 

severis 

*Epl. 

19,  9 

siccis 

Epl. 

19,  11 

mero 

Epl. 

19,  21 

vacuom 

Epl. 

19,  31 

sponsae 

Epl. 

19,  33 

inmemorata 

Epl. 

19,  38 

inpensis 

Epl. 

19,  42 

scripta 

Epl. 

19,  46 

luctantis 

Epl. 

20,  4  < 

:;ommunia 

*Epl. 

20,  4  ] 

paucis 

Epl. 

20,  8  1 

breve 

Epl. 

20,  23 

primis 

Epl. 

20,  27 

Decembris 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  3  commoda 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  6  facta 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  10  ] 

meritis 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  11  ] 

jortenta 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  18  uno 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  20  cetera 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  23  veterum 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  29  scripta 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  30  multa 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  31  duri 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  32  summtun 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  45  permisso 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  48  fastos 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  51  critici 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  52  promissa 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  56  senis 

Epl. 

2, 

1,  66  plera 

69 


Epl.  2, 

67  ] 

multa 

Epl.  2,  2,  65  cetera 

Epl.  2, 

78  , 

mtiquis 

Epl.  2,  2,  67  scripta 

Epl.  2, 

84  ] 

oainoribus 

Epl.  2,  2,  69  Aventino 

Epl.  2, 

89 

nostra 

Epl.  2,  2,  71  meditantibus 

Epl.  2, 

106 

maiores 

Epl.  2,  2,  87  consult! 

*Epl.  2, 

106 

minori 

Epl.  2,  2,  91  elegos 

Epl.  2, 

114 

aegro 

Epl.  2,  2,  99  puncto 

Epl.  2, 

116 

fabrilia 

Epl.  2,  2,  102  multa 

Epl.  2, 

125 

magna 

Epl.  2,  2,  114  penetralia 

Epl.  2, 

128 

praeceptis 

Epl.  2,  2,  124  ludentis 

Epl.  2, 

130 

facta 

Epl.  2,  2,  127  mala 

Epl.  2, 

131 

aegnim 

Epl.  2,  2,  132  vicinus 

*Epl.  2, 

131 

inopem 

Epl.  2,  2,  136  cognatorum 

Epl.  2, 

139 

parvo 

Epl.  2,  2,  147  plura 

Epl.  2, 

141 

dura 

Epl,  2,  2,  148  nulli 

Epl.  2, 

151 

intactis 

*Epl.  2,  2,  148  plura 

Epl.  2, 

166 

tragicuin 

Epl.  2,  2,  159  consultis 

Epl.  2, 

168 

medio 

Epl.  2,  2,  160  vilicus 

Epl.  2, 

169 

minimum 

Epl.  2,  2,  167  arvi 

Epl.  2, 

170 

minus 

Epl.  2,  2,  169  aenum 

Epl.  2, 

171 

pacto 

Epl.  2,  2,   172  puncto 

Epl.  2, 

183 

plures 

Epl.  2,  2,  175  nulli 

Epl.  2, 

205 

dextera 

Epl.  2,  2,  179  grandia 

*Epl.  2, 

205 

laevae 

*Epl.  2,  2,  179  parvis 

Epl.  2, 

219 

mala 

Epl.  2,  2,  192  datis 

Epl.  2, 

237 

facta 

*Epl.  2,  2,  192  plura 

Epl.  2, 

239 

edicto 

Epl.  2,  2,  193  hilaris 

Epl.  2, 

246 

dantis 

*Epl.  2,  2,  193  simplex 

Epl.  2, 

265 

peius 

Epl.  2,  2,  194  avaro 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

6  verna 

*Epl.  2,  2,  194  parens 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

9  dulce 

Epl.  2,  2,  195  tua 

*Epl.  2, 

2, 

9  indoctnm 

Epl.  2,  2,  196  plura 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

10 

aequo 

Epl.  2,  2,  197  festis 

*Epl.  2, 

2, 

10 

promissa 

Epl.  2,  2,  204  extremis 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

26 

viatica 

*Epl.  2,  2,  204  primorum 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

32 

factum 

Epl.  2,  2,  209  portenta 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

36 

timido 

Epl.  2,  2,  210  natalis 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

37 

bone 

Epl.  2,  2,  211  senecta 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

38 

meritorum 

Epl.  2,  2,  213  peritis 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

39 

catus 

Epl.  2,  2,  215  aequo 

*Epl.  2, 

2, 

39 

rusticus 

A.  P.  7  aegri 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

44 

curvo 

A.  P.  12  inmitia 

*Epl.  2, 

2, 

44 

rectum 

*A.  P.  12  placidis 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

45 

verum 

A.  P.  13  serpentes 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

55 

singula 

A.  P.  14  inceptis 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

58 

omnes 

*A.  P.  14  magna 

Epl.  2, 

2, 

62 

diversa 

A.  P.  25  recti 

60 


A. 

P. 

26  ] 

levia 

A. 

P. 

218 

futuri 

A. 

P. 

27  1 

o-randia 

A. 

P. 

224 

sacris 

A. 

P. 

34  i 

jiiTTima 

A. 

P. 

226 

seria 

A. 

P. 

44  ] 

pleraque 

A. 

P. 

230 

inania 

A. 

P. 

49  i 

abdita 

A. 

P. 

240 

noto 

A. 

P. 

63  : 

nostra 

A. 

P. 

243 

medio 

A. 

P. 

68  : 

facta 

*A. 

P. 

243 

tantum 

A. 

P. 

77  i 

slegos 

A. 

P. 

247 

dicta 

A. 

P. 

78  i 

orammatici 

A. 

P. 

252 

trimetris 

A. 

P. 

98  i 

spectantis 

A. 

P. 

259 

trimetris 

A. 

P. 

101 

flentibus 

A. 

P. 

265 

onmis 

*A. 

P. 

101 

ridentibus 

A. 

P. 

266 

peccata 

A. 

P. 

104 

mandata 

A. 

P. 

273 

dicto 

A. 

P. 

112 

dicentis 

A. 

P. 

287 

facta 

*A. 

P. 

112 

dicta 

A. 

P. 

288 

praetextas 

A. 

P. 

115 

senex 

*A. 

P. 

288 

togatas 

A. 

P. 

119 

convenientia 

A. 

P. 

304 

tanti 

A. 

P. 

126 

imum 

A. 

P. 

312 

patriae 

A. 

P. 

127 

incepto 

A. 

P. 

314 

conscripti 

A. 

P. 

128 

communia 

A. 

P. 

316 

convenientia 

A. 

P. 

130 

ignota 

A. 

P. 

324 

nullius 

*A. 

P. 

130 

indicta 

A. 

P. 

334 

idonea 

A. 

P. 

134 

artiiTTi 

*A. 

P. 

334 

iucunda 

A. 

P. 

151 

falsa 

A. 

P. 

335 

dicta 

*A. 

P. 

151 

veris 

A. 

P. 

337 

omne 

A. 

P. 

157 

mobilibus 

A. 

P. 

338 

ficta 

A. 

P. 

159 

paribus 

*A. 

P. 

338 

veris 

A. 

P. 

164 

utilium 

A. 

P. 

341 

seniorum 

A. 

P. 

165 

amata 

A. 

P. 

343 

dulci 

A. 

P. 

169 

inconimoda 

*A. 

P. 

343 

punctum 

*A. 

P. 

169 

senem 

*A. 

P. 

343 

utile 

A. 

P. 

170 

inventis 

A. 

P. 

347 

delicta 

A. 

P. 

172 

futuri 

A. 

P. 

351 

plura 

A. 

P. 

174 

minorum 

A. 

P. 

367 

dictum 

A. 

P. 

175 

commoda 

*A. 

P. 

367 

rectum 

A. 

P. 

183 

multa 

A. 

P. 

368 

medium 

A. 

P. 

195 

proposito 

*A. 

P. 

368 

tolerabile 

A. 

P. 

196 

bonis 

A. 

P. 

369 

consultus 

A. 

P. 

197 

iratos 

A. 

P. 

378 

imum 

*A. 

P. 

197 

timentis 

*A. 

P. 

378 

summo 

A. 

P. 

200 

conmissa 

A. 

P. 

384 

summam 

A. 

P. 

201 

miseris 

A. 

P. 

391 

sacer 

*A. 

P. 

201 

superbis 

A. 

P. 

397 

privatis 

A. 

P. 

213 

honesto 

*A. 

P. 

397 

profanis 

*A. 

P. 

213 

rusticus 

*A. 

P. 

397 

publica 

*A. 

P. 

213 

turpis 

*A. 

P. 

397 

sacra 

*A. 

P. 

213 

urbano 

A. 

P. 

413 

multa 

A.  P.  414  Pythia 
A.  P.  417  extremum 
A.  P.  422  unctum 
A.  P.  423  paupere 
A.  P.  432  plura 


61 


A.  P.  435  raero 
A.  P.  442  delictum 
A.  P.  452  mala 
A.  P.  474  doctum 
*A.  P.  474  indoctum 


^ 


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